20:I[62113,["72190","static/chunks/d012089c-332b2cdf12058945.js","80988","static/chunks/80988-80efa22e33155f97.js","85529","static/chunks/85529-ed204f0f47b12f03.js","87915","static/chunks/87915-c5391cf8a52b0f5e.js","49539","static/chunks/49539-75205cda1cc75638.js","16535","static/chunks/16535-0e435d803516ee88.js","89524","static/chunks/89524-6867e4b7442f382b.js","46856","static/chunks/46856-929232a975a49956.js","33411","static/chunks/33411-a0cc21d624eda950.js","54199","static/chunks/54199-7fb349f2066a0b0c.js","39474","static/chunks/39474-0d41af63d3c84160.js","1562","static/chunks/1562-939c16808d007de0.js","22472","static/chunks/22472-94b900c4edb9c804.js","32069","static/chunks/32069-0a6a6d2ba2ed1dbc.js","14559","static/chunks/14559-179c8f9dd2f76a9a.js","32605","static/chunks/32605-c70e0f366e8d12d1.js","44439","static/chunks/44439-63cd5e6b626be9a7.js","53021","static/chunks/53021-41030f422bc54423.js","22664","static/chunks/22664-aed199b730be2d49.js","50850","static/chunks/50850-106f424f3a954607.js","25055","static/chunks/25055-035cabec0472f52b.js","95074","static/chunks/95074-a3046c89dc538678.js","10161","static/chunks/10161-86f5ed37161541eb.js","43989","static/chunks/43989-348fcb0d2accabfd.js","20158","static/chunks/app/(app)/cours/%5Bslug%5D/page-0cf4f7be82a2bd57.js"],"CoursePosteHome"] 21:T646,

Système	Composants utilisés par AWT
Windows	Composants Windows
macOS	Composants macOS
Linux	Composants X11

Tableau AWT

22:T898,

Les composants AWT appartiennent au package : java.awt

La hiérarchie repose principalement sur :

Classe	Description
`Component`	Classe de base
`Container`	Composant pouvant contenir d’autres composants
`Window`	Fenêtre sans bordure
`Frame`	Fenêtre principale avec barre de titre

Tableau de la hiérarchie principale AWT.

23:Tee2,

Voici quelques composants de AWT :

Composant AWT	Description
`Frame`	Fenêtre principale
`Panel`	Conteneur
`Button`	Bouton
`Label`	Texte
`TextField`	Champ de texte
`TextArea`	Zone de texte
`Checkbox`	Case à cocher
`Choice`	Liste déroulante
`List`	Liste d’éléments

Tableau des composantes principales sur AWT.

24:T774,

Dépendance aux composants natifs : Les interfaces variaient selon le système d’exploitation :
Apparence différente
Comportement parfois différent
Bugs spécifiques à certains OS

Cela rendait difficile le contrôle précis de l’interface.

Nombre limité de composants : AWT proposait un ensemble restreint de composants :
Pas de tableau avancé
Pas d’arbre hiérarchique
Pas de gestion riche des menus
Pas de composants complexes personnalisables
Problèmes de performance et de superposition Les composants heavyweight posaient des problèmes :
Difficultés d’intégration avec d’autres composants
Problèmes de superposition (z-order)
Moins de flexibilité graphique

25:T7fb,

AWT	Swing
Composants natifs (heavyweight)	Composants Java (lightweight)
Peu de composants	Composants riches et variés
Apparence dépendante de l’OS	Look and Feel personnalisable
Moins flexible	Architecture plus moderne

Tableau comparatif

26:T41e,

AWT représente la première étape du développement d’interfaces graphiques en Java. Bien que limité, il a posé les bases essentielles :

Modèle événementiel
Hiérarchie des composants
Gestion des layouts

Swing n’a pas remplacé AWT, mais l’a enrichi et étendu.

Comprendre AWT permet donc de mieux comprendre :

l’évolution des interfaces graphiques en Java,
l’architecture interne de Swing,
et les choix techniques historiques du langage Java.

27:T443,

Une application graphique est un programme informatique qui utilise une interface graphique (GUI, Graphical User Interface) pour interagir avec l’utilisateur, plutôt qu’une interface en ligne de commande.

Elle se compose généralement de :

Fenêtres (ou écrans)
Éléments interactifs : boutons, menus, champs de texte, cases à cocher, etc.
Événements déclenchés par les actions de l’utilisateur (clic, saisie, sélection…)

L’objectif est de rendre l’usage du programme plus intuitif et visuel, en représentant les informations et actions sous forme d’objets graphiques plutôt que de lignes de texte.

28:T11af,

Critère	Application console	Application graphique (GUI)
Interface	Texte uniquement (ligne de commande)	Fenêtres, boutons, menus, champs de saisie, graphiques
Interaction	Saisie via le clavier uniquement	Souris, clavier, parfois écran tactile
Complexité	Simple à développer	Plus complexe à programmer
Apprentissage utilisateur	Nécessite de connaître les commandes	Intuitive, basée sur le visuel
Exemples	Terminal Linux, scripts Python en console	Microsoft Word, Photoshop
Performance	Souvent plus rapide et léger	Peut être plus gourmand en ressources
Portabilité	Très portable, fonctionne sur presque tous les systèmes	Peut dépendre de bibliothèques ou frameworks graphiques

Tableau comparatif

29:T515,

Le rôle d’une GUI (Graphical User Interface) est de faciliter l’interaction avec l’ordinateur en remplaçant les commandes textuelles par des éléments visuels tels que fenêtres, boutons ou menus, permettant ainsi à l’utilisateur de contrôler le programme de manière intuitive.

Elle améliore l’expérience utilisateur en rendant le logiciel plus attrayant et lisible, et en aidant à comprendre rapidement les fonctionnalités disponibles.

Une GUI gère également les événements utilisateur, en détectant et réagissant aux actions comme les clics de souris, la saisie au clavier ou le glisser-déposer, afin de déclencher les actions appropriées dans le programme. Elle organise et affiche l’information de façon structurée et visuelle, par exemple sous forme de graphiques, tableaux, images ou formulaires, tout en standardisant l’interaction grâce à un langage visuel commun (menus déroulants, boutons de validation, icônes), évitant à l’utilisateur de réapprendre à chaque logiciel.

En résumé, une GUI rend le logiciel plus intuitif, interactif et agréable en traduisant les commandes et les informations en éléments visuels manipulables facilement.

2a:T71b,

Swing est une bibliothèque graphique (GUI) de Java qui fait partie de la plateforme Java Standard Edition (Java SE). Elle a été introduite pour fournir des interfaces graphiques riches et portables, indépendantes du système d’exploitation, contrairement à AWT (Abstract Window Toolkit), qui utilisait les composants natifs de chaque OS.

Dans l’écosystème Java :

AWT : API de base pour créer des interfaces graphiques simples, mais dépendante du système.
Swing : API plus complète et flexible, offrant des composants "légers" comme JTable, JTree, JButton, JTextArea, avec personnalisation avancée.
JavaFX : API plus moderne, orientée vers des interfaces graphiques riches, animations et médias, visant à remplacer Swing à long terme.

Positionnement clé :

Swing reste très utilisé pour des applications desktop Java classiques.
Il est intégré à Java SE, donc portable sur toutes les plateformes supportant Java.

2b:T4f9,

Pour développer en Java, il faut installer le Java Development Kit (JDK), qui contient :

le compilateur javac
la machine virtuelle Java (JVM)
les bibliothèques standard

Étapes :

Télécharger le JDK depuis le site officiel d’Oracle ou d’OpenJDK. : https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/downloads/
Installer le JDK sur votre système.
Configurer la variable d’environnement JAVA_HOME et ajouter bin au PATH pour pouvoir compiler et exécuter vos programmes depuis la ligne de commande.

2c:T9a7,

IDE	Points forts	Public cible
`IntelliJ IDEA`	Interface moderne, auto‑complétion très avancée, supporte Maven/Gradle, plugins nombreux	Débutants et professionnels
`Eclipse IDE`	Open source, très configurable, nombreuses extensions	Professionnels et projets complexes
`NetBeans`	Installation simple, bonne intégration GUI (Swing, JavaFX), gestion facile des projets	Débutants et enseignants

Quelques IDE possible

2d:Ta8b,

Méthode	Description
`setTitle(String title)`	Définit le titre de la fenêtre.
`setSize(int width, int height)`	Définit la largeur et la hauteur de la fenêtre.
`setDefaultCloseOperation(int operation)`	Définit l’action à effectuer lors de la fermeture de la fenêtre.
`setLocationRelativeTo(Component c)`	Positionne la fenêtre par rapport à un composant (null pour centrer à l’écran).
`setVisible(boolean b)`	Rend la fenêtre visible ou invisible.

Résumé des principales méthodes découvertes au cours 01.

2e:T79e,

Un LayoutManager est un objet responsable de l’organisation et du positionnement des composants graphiques (boutons, labels, champs de texte, etc.) à l’intérieur d’un conteneur comme une JFrame, JPanel ou JDialog.

Autrement dit, il détermine :

La position
La taille
L’alignement

des composants dans l’interface graphique.

Un LayoutManager permet de :

Organiser automatiquement les composants : Évite de fixer manuellement les positions (pas besoin de coordonnées x/y).
Adapter l’interface aux redimensionnements : Lorsque la fenêtre change de taille, les composants s’ajustent automatiquement.
Rendre l’interface portable : L’affichage reste cohérent quel que soit le système d’exploitation.
Simplifier la maintenance du code : Interface plus flexible et plus propre.

2f:Ta6a,

Valeur	Description
`FlowLayout.LEFT`	Aligne les composants à gauche du conteneur.
`FlowLayout.CENTER`	Aligne les composants au centre du conteneur.
`FlowLayout.RIGHT`	Aligne les composants à droite du conteneur.
`FlowLayout.LEADING`	Aligne les composants selon le début de la ligne (utile pour les langues LTR ou RTL).
`FlowLayout.TRAILING`	Aligne les composants selon la fin de la ligne (utile pour les langues LTR ou RTL).

Constantes d’alignement d'un FlowLayout

30:T1098,

Propriété / Méthode	Description	Exemple / Valeurs possibles
`Alignment`	Définit l’alignement des composants dans le conteneur	`FlowLayout.LEFT`, `FlowLayout.CENTER`, `FlowLayout.RIGHT`, `FlowLayout.LEADING`, `FlowLayout.TRAILING`
`Hgap`	Espacement horizontal entre les composants	Nombre entier (ex : 5)
`Vgap`	Espacement vertical entre les composants	Nombre entier (ex : 10)
`setAlignment(int align)`	Permet de modifier l’alignement après la création du FlowLayout	Utilise les mêmes valeurs que `Alignment`
`setHgap(int hgap)`	Modifie l’espacement horizontal après création	Nombre entier
`setVgap(int vgap)`	Modifie l’espacement vertical après création	Nombre entier

Tableau récap pour FlowLayout.

31:T84b,32:Tb14,

Constructeur par défaut création d'un BorderLayout avec espacement horizontaux et verticaux nuls.
Constructeur avec définition des espaces.

Position	Description
`BorderLayout.CENTER`	Zone centrale du conteneur, occupe l’espace restant disponible.
`BorderLayout.NORTH`	Zone en haut du conteneur.
`BorderLayout.SOUTH`	Zone en bas du conteneur.
`BorderLayout.EAST`	Zone à droite du conteneur.
`BorderLayout.WEST`	Zone à gauche du conteneur.

Récapitulatif des zones

33:T13ea,

Propriété / Zone	Description	Exemple / Utilisation
`NORTH`	Zone en haut du conteneur.	Barre de menus, titre
`SOUTH`	Zone en bas du conteneur.	Barre de statut, boutons de contrôle
`EAST`	Zone à droite du conteneur.	Panneaux latéraux, outils
`WEST`	Zone à gauche du conteneur.	Panneaux latéraux, navigation
`CENTER`	Zone centrale qui occupe l’espace restant.	Contenu principal, panneau central
`setHgap(int hgap)`	Définit l’espacement horizontal entre les zones.	Ex : `layout.setHgap(5);`
`setVgap(int vgap)`	Définit l’espacement vertical entre les zones.	Ex : `layout.setVgap(10);`
`add(Component c, String position)`	Ajoute un composant dans une zone spécifique.	Ex : `frame.add(button, BorderLayout.NORTH);`

34:T70c,

BoxLayout est un gestionnaire de présentation qui organise les composants en une seule ligne verticale ou horizontale.

Orientation	Description
`BoxLayout.X_AXIS`	Les composants sont alignés horizontalement, de gauche à droite.
`BoxLayout.Y_AXIS`	Les composants sont empilés verticalement, de haut en bas.

Il est souvent utilisé pour créer des interfaces très flexibles et modulaires, surtout dans des JPanel.

35:Tb9a,

Axe	Constante	Description
Horizontal	`BoxLayout.X_AXIS`	Aligne les composants de gauche à droite.
Vertical	`BoxLayout.Y_AXIS`	Empile les composants de haut en bas.
Selon la ligne	`BoxLayout.LINE_AXIS`	Aligne selon l’orientation de la ligne (gauche-droite ou droite-gauche selon la langue).
Selon la page	`BoxLayout.PAGE_AXIS`	Empile selon l’orientation de la page (haut-bas ou bas-haut selon la langue).

Axes du BoxLayout.

36:T70c,

GridBagLayout est le gestionnaire de présentation le plus flexible de Java Swing.

Il permet d’organiser les composants dans une grille comme GridLayout, mais avec un contrôle très précis :

tailles différentes
fusion de cellules
alignement personnalisé
gestion fine de l’espace
redimensionnement intelligent

C’est le layout le plus puissant… mais aussi le plus complexe.

Pourquoi il est utile de l'utiliser :

Contrairement à GridLayout

Les composants n’ont pas la même taille
Un composant peut occuper plusieurs lignes ou colonnes
On peut contrôler comment il s’agrandit
On peut définir des marges

Il est idéal pour des formulaires professionnels, interfaces complexes, fenêtres avec champs + labels + boutons.

37:T19e0,

Propriété	Description	Exemple
`gridx`	Colonne dans la grille	`gbc.gridx = 1;`
`gridy`	Ligne dans la grille	`gbc.gridy = 0;`
`gridwidth`	Nombre de colonnes occupées	`gbc.gridwidth = 2;`
`gridheight`	Nombre de lignes occupées	`gbc.gridheight = 1;`
`weightx`	Part d’espace horizontal restant que le composant peut prendre	`gbc.weightx = 1.0;`
`weighty`	Part d’espace vertical restant	`gbc.weighty = 0.5;`
`fill`	Comment le composant s’étire dans sa cellule	`GridBagConstraints.BOTH`
`anchor`	Position du composant si non étiré	`GridBagConstraints.EAST`
`insets`	Marges autour du composant	`gbc.insets = new Insets(5,5,5,5);`
`ipadx`	Padding horizontal interne	`gbc.ipadx = 10;`
`ipady`	Padding vertical interne	`gbc.ipady = 10;`

Principales propriétés.

38:T517,import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; public class MyFrame extends JFrame { public MyFrame() { init(); addButton(); setVisible(true); } public void init() { setTitle("Exemple GridBagLayout"); setSize(400, 300); setLocationRelativeTo(null); setDefaultCloseOperation(EXIT_ON_CLOSE); } public void addButton() { JPanel panel = new JPanel(new GridBagLayout()); GridBagConstraints gbc = new GridBagConstraints(); gbc.insets = new Insets(5, 5, 5, 5); // marges // Bouton 1 - occupe 2 colonnes gbc.gridx = 0; gbc.gridy = 0; gbc.gridwidth = 2; gbc.fill = GridBagConstraints.BOTH; panel.add(new JButton("Bouton 1 (fusion 2 colonnes)"), gbc); // Bouton 2 - cellule normale gbc.gridx = 0; gbc.gridy = 1; gbc.gridwidth = 1; panel.add(new JButton("Bouton 2"), gbc); // Bouton 3 - cellule normale gbc.gridx = 1; gbc.gridy = 1; panel.add(new JButton("Bouton 3"), gbc); // Bouton 4 - occupe 2 lignes gbc.gridx = 2; gbc.gridy = 0; gbc.gridheight = 2; panel.add(new JButton("Bouton 4 (fusion 2 lignes)"), gbc); setContentPane(panel); } }39:T23da,

Layout	Principe	Attributs / Méthodes clés		Description / Exemple
Layout	Principe	Propriétés	Méthodes	Description / Exemple
`FlowLayout`	Aligne les composants dans une ou plusieurs lignes	`FlowLayout.LEFT`, `FlowLayout.CENTER`, `FlowLayout.RIGHT`, `FlowLayout.LEADING`, `FlowLayout.TRAILING`	`setHgap(int)`, `setVgap(int)`	Les composants sont placés horizontalement puis passent à la ligne suivante si l’espace est insuffisant. Ex : boutons dans un panel.
`FlowLayout`	Aligne les composants dans une ou plusieurs lignes	Alignement	`setHgap(int)`, `setVgap(int)`
`BorderLayout`	Divise le conteneur en 5 zones principales	`NORTH`, `SOUTH`, `EAST`, `WEST`, `CENTER`	`setHgap(int)`, `setVgap(int)`, `add(Component, String position)`	Chaque zone peut contenir un composant. La zone `CENTER` prend l’espace restant. Ex : barre de menu en haut, panneau central pour le contenu.
`BorderLayout`	Divise le conteneur en 5 zones principales	Zones
`BoxLayout`	Empile ou aligne les composants selon un axe	`BoxLayout.X_AXIS`, `BoxLayout.Y_AXIS`, `BoxLayout.LINE_AXIS`, `BoxLayout.PAGE_AXIS`		Permet un alignement strict des composants : horizontal ou vertical. Ex : formulaire vertical, barre d’outils horizontale.
`BoxLayout`	Empile ou aligne les composants selon un axe	Axe
`CardLayout`	Conteneur avec plusieurs “cartes”, une visible à la fois		`next(Container)`, `previous(Container)`, `show(Container, String name)`	Utilisé pour créer des écrans multiples ou assistants (wizard). Ex : onglets ou pages successives dans une application.
`CardLayout`	Conteneur avec plusieurs “cartes”, une visible à la fois
`GridLayout`	Dispose les composants dans une grille régulière	`rows`, `cols`	`setHgap(int)`, `setVgap(int)`	Chaque cellule a la même taille. Les composants remplissent uniformément les cellules. Ex : calculatrice, tableau de boutons.
`GridLayout`	Dispose les composants dans une grille régulière	Dimensions	`setHgap(int)`, `setVgap(int)`
`GridBagLayout`	Grille flexible où chaque composant peut occuper plusieurs lignes/colonnes et s’étirer	`gridx, gridy, gridwidth, gridheight` `weightx, weighty, fill, anchor, insets, ipadx, ipady`	`add(Component, GridBagConstraints)`	Permet des mises en page complexes et adaptatives. Ex : formulaire avec champs de différentes tailles et boutons alignés.
`GridBagLayout`		Propriétés	`add(Component, GridBagConstraints)`

3a:T80e,flowchart TB Title["Gestionnaires de présentation Swing"] subgraph Flow["FlowLayout"] F1["Alignement des composants
dans une ou plusieurs lignes"] F2["LEFT
CENTER
RIGHT
LEADING
TRAILING

setHgap()
setVgap()"] F3["Placement horizontal
puis passage à la ligne

Ex : boutons dans un panel"] end subgraph Border["BorderLayout"] B1["Division du conteneur
en 5 zones"] B2["NORTH
SOUTH
EAST
WEST
CENTER

setHgap()
setVgap()
add(Component, position)"] B3["Chaque zone contient un composant
CENTER prend l'espace restant

Ex : menu + contenu central"] end subgraph Box["BoxLayout"] BX1["Empile ou aligne
les composants selon un axe"] BX2["X_AXIS
Y_AXIS
LINE_AXIS
PAGE_AXIS"] BX3["Alignement strict horizontal
ou vertical

Ex : formulaire, barre d'outils"] end subgraph Card["CardLayout"] C1["Plusieurs cartes
une seule visible à la fois"] C2["next()
previous()
show(Container, nom)"] C3["Création d'écrans multiples
ou assistants

Ex : pages successives"] end subgraph Grid["GridLayout"] G1["Organisation des composants
dans une grille régulière"] G2["rows
cols

setHgap()
setVgap()"] G3["Cellules de même taille
répartition uniforme

Ex : calculatrice"] end subgraph GridBag["GridBagLayout"] GB1["Grille flexible
avec composants extensibles"] GB2["gridx, gridy
gridwidth, gridheight
weightx, weighty
fill, anchor
insets, ipadx, ipady

add(Component, GridBagConstraints)"] GB3["Mises en page complexes
et adaptatives

Ex : formulaires avancés"] end Title --> Flow Title --> Border Title --> Box Title --> Card Title --> Grid Title --> GridBag Flow --> F1 --> F2 --> F3 Border --> B1 --> B2 --> B3 Box --> BX1 --> BX2 --> BX3 Card --> C1 --> C2 --> C3 Grid --> G1 --> G2 --> G3 GridBag --> GB1 --> GB2 --> GB33b:T13e3,

Une composante Swing est un objet Java qui hérite généralement de la classe javax.swing.JComponent. Chaque composante possède ses propres propriétés, méthodes et événements, ce qui permet de la personnaliser et de gérer les interactions avec l’utilisateur.

Par exemple, un bouton Swing (JButton) peut avoir un texte, une icône et réagir à un clic de souris grâce à un ActionListener.

Dans Swing, les composantes peuvent être légères (lightweight) ou lourdes (heavyweight) :

Critère	Composante Légère (Swing)	Composante Lourde (AWT)
Classe de base	`javax.swing.JComponent`	`java.awt.Component`
Dessin	Java (peint par Swing)	Dépend du système d’exploitation
Poids en ressources	Faible	Plus élevé
Portabilité	Très portable	Moins portable
Exemple	`JButton`, `JLabel`, `JPanel`	`Button`, `Label`, `Panel`
Interaction avec conteneurs	Flexible	Limité par les composants natifs

Les composantes lourdes utilisent le système natif pour leur affichage. Elles peuvent poser des problèmes de superposition et d’intégration avec les composants Swing.
Les composantes légères sont entièrement dessinées par Java. Elles offrent plus de flexibilité, une meilleure portabilité et une intégration plus fluide dans les interfaces Swing modernes.

3c:Tf15,

Constructeur vide pour créer un label vide.
Constructeur d'un label texte.
Constructeur d'un label avec une icone.
Constructeur d'un label avec texte et alignement.
Constructeur d'un label avec texte, icone et alignement.

Constante	Description
`SwingConstants.LEFT`	Alignement à gauche
`SwingConstants.CENTER`	Alignement centré
`SwingConstants.RIGHT`	Alignement à droite
`SwingConstants.TOP`	Alignement en haut
`SwingConstants.BOTTOM`	Alignement en bas
`SwingConstants.LEADING`	Alignement selon la locale (début de ligne)
`SwingConstants.TRAILING`	Alignement selon la locale (fin de ligne)

Les constantes d'alignement.

3d:Te0b,

Méthode	Description	Exemple
`getText()`	Retourne le texte saisi dans le champ	`String text = textField.getText();`
`setText(String text)`	Définit ou modifie le texte du champ	`textField.setText("Bonjour");`
`setColumns(int columns)`	Définit la largeur visible du champ en nombre de caractères	`textField.setColumns(15);`
`setEditable(boolean b)`	Permet de rendre le champ modifiable ou en lecture seule	`textField.setEditable(false);`
`getColumns()`	Retourne le nombre de colonnes du champ	`int cols = textField.getColumns();`

Quelques méthodes de base

3e:Tf72,

Voici quelques méthodes utilisable sur un JPasswordField :

Méthode	Description	Exemple
`getPassword()`	Retourne le mot de passe saisi sous forme de tableau de caractères (`char[]`)	`char[] pwd = passwordField.getPassword();`
`setText(String text)`	Définit le texte du champ (ex : réinitialiser le mot de passe)	`passwordField.setText("");`
`setEchoChar(char c)`	Définit le caractère d’affichage à la place du mot de passe (ex : '*')	`passwordField.setEchoChar('*');`
`setColumns(int columns)`	Définit la largeur visible du champ en nombre de caractères	`passwordField.setColumns(10);`
`getEchoChar()`	Retourne le caractère actuellement utilisé pour masquer le mot de passe	`char c = passwordField.getEchoChar();`

Quelques méthodes

3f:T1080,

Méthode	Description	Exemple
`getText()`	Retourne tout le texte présent dans la zone	`String text = textArea.getText();`
`setText(String text)`	Définit ou remplace le texte de la zone	`textArea.setText("Bonjour\nTout le monde");`
`append(String str)`	Ajoute du texte à la fin du contenu existant	`textArea.append("Nouvelle ligne\n");`
`setColumns(int columns)`	Définit la largeur visible en nombre de colonnes	`textArea.setColumns(30);`
`setRows(int rows)`	Définit la hauteur visible en nombre de lignes	`textArea.setRows(10);`
`setEditable(boolean b)`	Permet de rendre la zone modifiable ou en lecture seule	`textArea.setEditable(false);`

Quelques méthodes de bases pour ce composant.

40:T1342,

Composant	Usage principal	Texte visible / masqué	Modifiable	Méthodes clés
`JTextField`	Champ de saisie sur une seule ligne	Visible	Oui	`getText()`, `setText(String)`, `setColumns(int)`, `setEditable(boolean)`
`JTextArea`	Zone de texte multi-lignes	Visible	Oui	`getText()`, `setText(String)`, `append(String)`, `setRows(int)`, `setColumns(int)`, `setEditable(boolean)`
`JPasswordField`	Champ de mot de passe (texte masqué)	Masqué par un caractère d’écho	Oui	`getPassword()`, `setText(String)`, `setEchoChar(char)`, `setColumns(int)`
`JLabel`	Affichage de texte ou d’icônes (non modifiable)	Visible	Non	`setText(String)`, `getText()`, `setHorizontalAlignment(int)`, `setVerticalAlignment(int)`

Petit tableau récap

41:T12f6,

Méthode	Description	Exemple
`setText(String text)`	Définit le texte du bouton	`button.setText("Valider");`
`getText()`	Retourne le texte du bouton	`String t = button.getText();`
`addActionListener(ActionListener l)`	Ajoute un écouteur d’événement pour détecter un clic	`button.addActionListener(e -> System.out.println("Clic"));`
`setEnabled(boolean b)`	Active ou désactive le bouton	`button.setEnabled(false);`
`isEnabled()`	Vérifie si le bouton est activé	`boolean ok = button.isEnabled();`
`setIcon(Icon icon)`	Ajoute une icône au bouton	`button.setIcon(new ImageIcon("img.png"));`
`setToolTipText(String text)`	Ajoute un texte d’aide affiché au survol	`button.setToolTipText("Cliquez ici");`

Méthode de base pour le bouton. La méthode addActionListener sera évoquée et détaillée lors du cours suivant.

42:T12d5,

Méthode	Description	Exemple
`setText(String text)`	Définit le texte affiché à côté de la case	`checkBox.setText("Accepter");`
`getText()`	Retourne le texte de la case	`String t = checkBox.getText();`
`setSelected(boolean b)`	Coche ou décoche la case	`checkBox.setSelected(true);`
`isSelected()`	Vérifie si la case est cochée	`boolean val = checkBox.isSelected();`
`addActionListener(ActionListener l)`	Détecte un clic sur la case	`checkBox.addActionListener(e -> System.out.println("Changé"));`
`addItemListener(ItemListener l)`	Détecte le changement d’état (coché/décoché)	`checkBox.addItemListener(e -> System.out.println("État modifié"));`
`setEnabled(boolean b)`	Active ou désactive la case	`checkBox.setEnabled(false);`

Méthode utilitaires pour JCheckbox.

43:T12ea,

Méthode	Description	Exemple
`setText(String text)`	Définit le texte affiché à côté du bouton radio	`radio.setText("Option 1");`
`getText()`	Retourne le texte du bouton radio	`String t = radio.getText();`
`setSelected(boolean b)`	Sélectionne ou désélectionne le bouton	`radio.setSelected(true);`
`isSelected()`	Vérifie si le bouton est sélectionné	`boolean val = radio.isSelected();`
`addActionListener(ActionListener l)`	Détecte un clic sur le bouton radio	`radio.addActionListener(e -> System.out.println("Sélectionné"));`
`addItemListener(ItemListener l)`	Détecte le changement d’état (sélection/désélection)	`radio.addItemListener(e -> System.out.println("État modifié"));`
`setEnabled(boolean b)`	Active ou désactive le bouton radio	`radio.setEnabled(false);`

Méthodes utilitaires pour les boutons radio.

44:Te7e,

Composant	Usage principal	Interaction	Méthodes clés
`JButton`	Bouton cliquable pour déclencher une action	Clic souris / ActionListener	`setText(String)`, rn `getText()`, rn `addActionListener(ActionListener)`, rn `setEnabled(boolean)`, rn `setIcon(Icon)`, rn `setToolTipText(String)`
`JCheckBox`	Case à cocher pour activer/désactiver une option	Clic souris / ActionListener / ItemListener	`setText(String)`, rn `getText()`, rn `setSelected(boolean)`, rn `isSelected()`, rn `addActionListener(ActionListener)`, rn `addItemListener(ItemListener)`, rn `setEnabled(boolean)`
`JRadioButton`	Bouton radio pour sélection unique dans un groupe	Clic souris / ActionListener / ItemListener	`setText(String)`, rn `getText()`, rn `setSelected(boolean)`, rn `isSelected()`, rn `addActionListener(ActionListener)`, rn `addItemListener(ItemListener)`, rn `setEnabled(boolean)`

Résumé des composantes d'interaction.

45:Tb0e,

Il est possible de changer le mode de sélection grâce à la méthode setSelectionMode(...) qui peut prendre en paramètre :

Mode	Description	Exemple
`ListSelectionModel.SINGLE_SELECTION`	Un seul élément peut être sélectionné à la fois	`list.setSelectionMode(ListSelectionModel.SINGLE_SELECTION);`
`ListSelectionModel.SINGLE_INTERVAL_SELECTION`	Un seul intervalle contigu peut être sélectionné	`list.setSelectionMode(ListSelectionModel.SINGLE_INTERVAL_SELECTION);`
`ListSelectionModel.MULTIPLE_INTERVAL_SELECTION`	Plusieurs éléments ou intervalles peuvent être sélectionnés (mode par défaut)	`list.setSelectionMode(ListSelectionModel.MULTIPLE_INTERVAL_SELECTION);`

Mode de sélection possible.

46:T1766,

Méthode	Description	Exemple
`addItem(Object item)`	Ajoute un élément dans la liste déroulante	`combo.addItem("Option 1");`
`removeItem(Object item)`	Supprime un élément spécifique	`combo.removeItem("Option 1");`
`removeAllItems()`	Supprime tous les éléments	`combo.removeAllItems();`
`getSelectedItem()`	Retourne l’élément sélectionné	`Object item = combo.getSelectedItem();`
`setSelectedItem(Object item)`	Sélectionne un élément spécifique	`combo.setSelectedItem("Option 2");`
`getSelectedIndex()`	Retourne l’index de l’élément sélectionné	`int index = combo.getSelectedIndex();`
`setSelectedIndex(int index)`	Sélectionne un élément selon son index	`combo.setSelectedIndex(0);`
`addActionListener(ActionListener l)`	Détecte un changement de sélection	`combo.addActionListener(e -> System.out.println("Changement"));`
`setEditable(boolean b)`	Permet de rendre la liste éditable (saisie possible)	`combo.setEditable(true);`

Méthodes associées au composants ComboBox.

47:Tb41,

Composant	Usage principal	Interaction	Méthodes clés
`JList`	Affiche une liste d’éléments pour sélection	Souris/clavier, sélection simple ou multiple	`setListData(Object[])`, rn `getSelectedIndex()`, rn `getSelectedIndices()`, rn `getSelectedValue()`, rn `setSelectionMode(int)`, rn `addListSelectionListener(ListSelectionListener)`
`JComboBox`	Liste déroulante avec un élément sélectionnable	Souris/clavier, sélection d’un élément	`addItem(Object)`, rn `removeItem(Object)`, rn `removeAllItems()`, rn `getSelectedItem()`, rn `setSelectedItem(Object)`, rn `getSelectedIndex()`, rn `setSelectedIndex(int)`, rn `addActionListener(ActionListener)`, rn `setEditable(boolean)`

Résumé bref des listes de sélection.

48:T558,

Le double buffering est un concept clé en Swing pour éviter le scintillement (flickering) lorsqu’une composante est redessinée fréquemment, par exemple dans des animations ou des interfaces dynamiques.

Le double buffering consiste à utiliser deux surfaces de dessin :

Buffer hors écran (offscreen buffer) : tout le dessin est d’abord réalisé sur une image en mémoire, invisible pour l’utilisateur.
Écran (screen buffer) : une fois le dessin complet dans le buffer, il est copié en une seule opération sur la fenêtre visible.

Avantage : l’utilisateur voit directement l’image finale complète, ce qui élimine le scintillement causé par le dessin progressif de chaque élément.

49:T1489,

Méthode / Propriété	Description	Exemple
`setLayout(LayoutManager layout)`	Définit le gestionnaire de layout du panneau	`panel.setLayout(new FlowLayout());`
`add(Component comp)`	Ajoute un composant au panneau	`panel.add(button);`
`remove(Component comp)`	Supprime un composant du panneau	`panel.remove(button);`
`removeAll()`	Supprime tous les composants du panneau	`panel.removeAll();`
`setBackground(Color color)`	Définit la couleur de fond du panneau	`panel.setBackground(Color.LIGHT_GRAY);`
`setBorder(Border border)`	Ajoute une bordure autour du panneau	`panel.setBorder(BorderFactory.createLineBorder(Color.BLACK));`
`revalidate()`	Recalcule la disposition des composants après modification	`panel.revalidate();`
`repaint()`	Redessine le panneau	`panel.repaint();`

Méthode utilitaire pour le panneau.

4a:T1017,

Orientation	Constante	Description
Verticale	`JScrollPane.VERTICAL_SCROLLBAR_ALWAYS`	La barre verticale est toujours visible
Verticale	`JScrollPane.VERTICAL_SCROLLBAR_AS_NEEDED`	La barre verticale apparaît uniquement si nécessaire
Verticale	`JScrollPane.VERTICAL_SCROLLBAR_NEVER`	La barre verticale n’apparaît jamais
Horizontale	`JScrollPane.HORIZONTAL_SCROLLBAR_ALWAYS`	La barre horizontale est toujours visible
Horizontale	`JScrollPane.HORIZONTAL_SCROLLBAR_AS_NEEDED`	La barre horizontale apparaît uniquement si nécessaire
Horizontale	`JScrollPane.HORIZONTAL_SCROLLBAR_NEVER`	La barre horizontale n’apparaît jamais

Les politiques de ScrollBar.

4b:T112c,

Méthode	Description
`setViewportView(Component comp)`	Définit le composant affiché dans la zone de défilement
`getViewport()`	Retourne le `JViewport` associé à la zone de défilement
`getHorizontalScrollBar()`	Retourne la barre de défilement horizontale
`getVerticalScrollBar()`	Retourne la barre de défilement verticale
`setHorizontalScrollBarPolicy(int policy)`	Définit le comportement de la barre horizontale (toujours, jamais, si nécessaire)
`setVerticalScrollBarPolicy(int policy)`	Définit le comportement de la barre verticale (toujours, jamais, si nécessaire)
`setColumnHeaderView(Component comp)`	Ajoute un en-tête de colonnes au-dessus du contenu défilable
`setRowHeaderView(Component comp)`	Ajoute un en-tête de lignes sur le côté du contenu défilable
`setCorner(String key, Component comp)`	Ajoute un composant dans l’un des coins du JScrollPane

Méthodes associées.

4c:Tebb,

Constructeur par défaut vide, onglets en haut.
Constructeur auquel on précise la position des onglets
Constructeur avec position et politique de disposition des onglets.

Type	Constante	Description
Position des onglets	`JTabbedPane.TOP`	Onglets en haut (défaut)
	`JTabbedPane.BOTTOM`	Onglets en bas
	`JTabbedPane.LEFT`	Onglets à gauche
	`JTabbedPane.RIGHT`	Onglets à droite
Politique de disposition	`JTabbedPane.WRAP_TAB_LAYOUT`	Retour à la ligne si trop d’onglets (défaut)
Politique de disposition	`JTabbedPane.SCROLL_TAB_LAYOUT`	Défilement des onglets avec flèches si trop nombreux

Constantes prédéfinies.

4d:T177d,

Méthode / Propriété	Description
`addTab(String title, Component component)`	Ajoute un onglet avec un titre et un composant associé
`addTab(String title, Icon icon, Component component)`	Ajoute un onglet avec titre, icône et composant
`removeTabAt(int index)`	Supprime l’onglet à l’index donné
`getTabCount()`	Retourne le nombre total d’onglets
`setSelectedIndex(int index)`	Sélectionne l’onglet à l’index donné
`getSelectedIndex()`	Retourne l’index de l’onglet actuellement sélectionné
`setTabPlacement(int placement)`	Définit la position des onglets : `TOP`, `BOTTOM`, `LEFT`, `RIGHT`
`getTabPlacement()`	Retourne la position actuelle des onglets
`setTabLayoutPolicy(int policy)`	Définit la politique de disposition des onglets : `WRAP_TAB_LAYOUT` ou `SCROLL_TAB_LAYOUT`
`getTabLayoutPolicy()`	Retourne la politique actuelle de disposition des onglets
`setEnabledAt(int index, boolean b)`	Active ou désactive un onglet spécifique
`getTitleAt(int index)`	Retourne le titre de l’onglet à l’index donné
`setToolTipTextAt(int index, String tip)`	Ajoute un texte d’aide (tooltip) à un onglet

Méthodes associées.

4e:T93a,

Constructeur vide : séparateur horizontal.
Constructeur en précisant l’orientation
Constructeur avec orientation et redimensionnement
...

Orientation	Constante	Description
Horizontal	`JSplitPane.HORIZONTAL_SPLIT`	Le panneau est divisé verticalement en deux parties (gauche/droite)
Vertical	`JSplitPane.VERTICAL_SPLIT`	Le panneau est divisé horizontalement en deux parties (haut/bas)

Orientation JSplitPane.

4f:T15ef,

Méthode / Propriété	Description
`setOrientation(int orientation)`	Définit l’orientation : `HORIZONTAL_SPLIT` ou `VERTICAL_SPLIT`
`getOrientation()`	Retourne l’orientation actuelle
`setLeftComponent(Component comp)`	Définit le composant à gauche ou en haut selon l’orientation
`setRightComponent(Component comp)`	Définit le composant à droite ou en bas selon l’orientation
`getLeftComponent()`	Retourne le composant gauche/haut
`getRightComponent()`	Retourne le composant droit/bas
`setDividerLocation(int location)`	Définit la position du séparateur (en pixels ou proportionnel si float)
`getDividerLocation()`	Retourne la position actuelle du séparateur
`setResizeWeight(double weight)`	Définit la répartition de l’espace lors du redimensionnement (0 = gauche/haut fixe, 1 = droite/bas fixe)
`getResizeWeight()`	Retourne la valeur actuelle du poids de redimensionnement
`setOneTouchExpandable(boolean b)`	Active ou désactive les flèches permettant de réduire/agrandir rapidement un composant
`isOneTouchExpandable()`	Vérifie si le JSplitPane est “one touch expandable”

Méthodes associées.

50:T10be,

Composant	Usage principal	Méthodes clés
`JPanel`	Conteneur générique pour regrouper d’autres composants	`setLayout(LayoutManager)`, rn `add(Component)`, rn `remove(Component)`, rn `removeAll()`, rn `setBackground(Color)`, rn `setBorder(Border)`, rn `revalidate()`, rn `repaint()`
`JScrollPane`	Conteneur avec barres de défilement pour un composant	`setViewportView(Component)`, rn `getViewport()`, rn `getHorizontalScrollBar()`, rn `getVerticalScrollBar()`, rn `setHorizontalScrollBarPolicy(int)`, rn `setVerticalScrollBarPolicy(int)`, rn `setColumnHeaderView(Component)`, rn `setRowHeaderView(Component)`, rn `setCorner(String, Component)`
`JTabbedPane`	Conteneur avec onglets pour afficher différents panneaux	`addTab(String, Component)`, rn `removeTabAt(int)`, rn `getTabCount()`, rn `setSelectedIndex(int)`, rn `getSelectedIndex()`, rn `setTabPlacement(int)`, rn `setTabLayoutPolicy(int)`, rn `setEnabledAt(int, boolean)`, rn `setToolTipTextAt(int, String)`
`JSplitPane`	Conteneur divisant l’espace entre deux composants avec séparateur déplaçable	`setOrientation(int)`, rn `getOrientation()`, rn `setLeftComponent(Component)`, rn `setRightComponent(Component)`, rn `getLeftComponent()`, rn `getRightComponent()`, rn `setDividerLocation(int)`, rn `getDividerLocation()`, rn `setResizeWeight(double)`, rn `setOneTouchExpandable(boolean)`

Résumé des conteneurs.

51:Td5b,

Constante	Description	Icône affichée
`JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE`	Message d’erreur	Icône rouge (erreur)
`JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE`	Message d’information	Icône bleue (information)
`JOptionPane.WARNING_MESSAGE`	Message d’avertissement	Icône jaune (attention)
`JOptionPane.QUESTION_MESSAGE`	Message avec question	Icône question
`JOptionPane.PLAIN_MESSAGE`	Message simple sans icône	Aucune icône

Les différents types de messages.

52:Tf0f,

Maintenant que vous savez afficher un message, il faut savoir quels boutons proposer à l'utilisateur. C'est le rôle du paramètre optionType utilisé dans showConfirmDialog et showOptionDialog :

Constante	Valeur	Description
`JOptionPane.YES_OPTION`	0	Réponse Oui ou OK
`JOptionPane.NO_OPTION`	1	Réponse Non
`JOptionPane.CANCEL_OPTION`	2	Réponse Annuler
`JOptionPane.OK_OPTION`	0	Réponse OK
`JOptionPane.CLOSED_OPTION`	-1	Fenêtre fermée sans répondre (croix)

Les différents types.

Une fois les boutons affichés, l'utilisateur clique : et il faut récupérer sa réponse. showConfirmDialog et showOptionDialog retournent un int correspondant au bouton cliqué. C'est pourquoi on a besoin de ces constantes de retour, colonne valeur du tableau ci-dessus.

53:T114b,

Une fenêtre parente en dessous avec la boîte de dialogue juste dessus.

Méthode / Propriété	Description
`setTitle(String title)`	Définit le titre de la boîte de dialogue
`setSize(int width, int height)`	Définit la taille de la boîte de dialogue
`setLocationRelativeTo(Component c)`	Positionne la boîte de dialogue par rapport à un autre composant (ou centre si null)
`setModal(boolean b)`	Définit si la boîte de dialogue est modale (bloque l’interaction avec la fenêtre parent)
`setDefaultCloseOperation(int op)`	Définit le comportement à la fermeture : `DISPOSE_ON_CLOSE`, `HIDE_ON_CLOSE`, etc.
`setVisible(boolean b)`	Affiche ou masque la boîte de dialogue
`dispose()`	Ferme et détruit la boîte de dialogue
`add(Component comp)`	Ajoute un composant dans la boîte de dialogue
`pack()`	Ajuste automatiquement la taille de la boîte de dialogue pour tenir ses composants

Méthodes associées.

54:Tb5c,

Composant	Usage principal	Méthodes / Constantes clés
`JOptionPane`	Afficher des boîtes de dialogue standard (information, erreur, confirmation, question, saisie)	Types de message : `ERROR_MESSAGE`, `INFORMATION_MESSAGE`, `WARNING_MESSAGE`, `QUESTION_MESSAGE`, `PLAIN_MESSAGE` Options de boutons : `DEFAULT_OPTION`, `YES_NO_OPTION`, `YES_NO_CANCEL_OPTION`, `OK_CANCEL_OPTION` Valeurs de retour : `YES_OPTION (0)`, `NO_OPTION (1)`, `CANCEL_OPTION (2)`, `OK_OPTION (0)`, `CLOSED_OPTION (-1)` Méthodes principales : `showMessageDialog()`, `showConfirmDialog()`, `showOptionDialog()`, `showInputDialog()`
`JDialog`	Créer des boîtes de dialogue personnalisées et modales/non modales	Méthodes essentielles : `setTitle(String)`, `setSize(int,int)`, `setLocationRelativeTo(Component)`, `setModal(boolean)`, `setDefaultCloseOperation(int)`, `setVisible(boolean)`, `dispose()`, `add(Component)`, `pack()`

Bref résumé.

55:T322d,

Voici une liste non exhaustive répertoriant un ensemble de méthode permettant de personnaliser les composantes avec Java Swing.

Catégorie	Composant	Méthodes de personnalisation
Catégorie	Composant	Méthode	Description courte
Étiquettes et champs de saisie	`JLabel`	`setText()`, `setIcon()`, `setHorizontalAlignment()`, `setVerticalAlignment()`, `setForeground()`, `setBackground()`, `setFont()`, `setToolTipText()`	Texte, icône, alignements, couleurs, police, info-bulle
	`JTextField`	`setText()`, `setForeground()`, `setBackground()`, `setFont()`, `setEditable()`, `setEnabled()`, `setToolTipText()`	Texte, couleurs, police, éditable/non, info-bulle
	`JPasswordField`	`setText()`, `setForeground()`, `setBackground()`, `setFont()`, `setEditable()`, `setEnabled()`, `setToolTipText()`	Texte masqué, couleurs, police, éditable/non, info-bulle
	`JTextArea`	`setText()`, `setForeground()`, `setBackground()`, `setFont()`, `setEditable()`, `setEnabled()`, `setLineWrap()`, `setWrapStyleWord()`, `setToolTipText()`	Texte multi-lignes, couleurs, police, retour à la ligne, info-bulle
Boutons et éléments interactifs	`JButton`	`setText()`, `setIcon()`, `setForeground()`, `setBackground()`, `setFont()`, `setEnabled()`, `setToolTipText()`	Texte, icône, couleurs, police, activation, info-bulle
	`JCheckBox`	`setText()`, `setSelected()`, `setForeground()`, `setBackground()`, `setFont()`, `setEnabled()`, `setToolTipText()`	Texte, sélection, couleurs, police, activation, info-bulle
	`JRadioButton`	`setText()`, `setSelected()`, `setForeground()`, `setBackground()`, `setFont()`, `setEnabled()`, `setToolTipText()`	Texte, sélection, couleurs, police, activation, info-bulle
Listes et choix multiples	`JList`	`setForeground()`, `setBackground()`, `setFont()`, `setSelectionForeground()`, `setSelectionBackground()`, `setEnabled()`, `setToolTipText()`	Couleurs, police, sélection, activation, info-bulle
Listes et choix multiples	`JComboBox`	`setForeground()`, `setBackground()`, `setFont()`, `setEnabled()`, `setEditable()`, `setToolTipText()`	Couleurs, police, activation, éditable, info-bulle
Composants de conteneur	`JPanel`	`setLayout()`, `setBackground()`, `setBorder()`, `setEnabled()`	Disposition, couleur fond, bordure, activation
	`JScrollPane`	`setVerticalScrollBarPolicy()`, `setHorizontalScrollBarPolicy()`, `setBorder()`, `setEnabled()`	Comportement barres, bordure, activation
	`JTabbedPane`	`setForegroundAt()`, `setBackgroundAt()`, `setFont()`, `setEnabledAt()`, `setTabPlacement()`, `setTabLayoutPolicy()`	Couleurs et police par onglet, activation, position et disposition onglets
	`JSplitPane`	`setDividerLocation()`, `setResizeWeight()`, `setOneTouchExpandable()`, `setEnabled()`	Position séparateur, répartition, flèches de réduction, activation
Dialogues et fenêtres secondaires	`JOptionPane`	`setForeground()`, `setBackground()`, `setFont()`	Personnalisation des couleurs et police du message
Dialogues et fenêtres secondaires	`JDialog`	`setTitle()`, `setSize()`, `setLocationRelativeTo()`, `setModal()`, `setResizable()`, `setForeground()`, `setBackground()`, `setFont()`	Titre, taille, position, modalité, redimensionnable, couleurs, police

On verra très vite comment s'en servir correctement.

56:T1d6c,

Catégorie	Composant	Description courte
Étiquettes et champs de saisie	`JLabel`	Affiche du texte ou une icône non éditable
	`JTextField`	Champ texte sur une ligne pour saisie simple
	`JPasswordField`	Champ texte masqué pour mot de passe
	`JTextArea`	Zone texte multi-lignes pour saisie ou affichage
Boutons et éléments interactifs	`JButton`	Bouton cliquable pour déclencher des actions
	`JCheckBox`	Case à cocher sélectionnable ou désélectionnable
	`JRadioButton`	Bouton radio pour sélection unique dans un groupe
Listes et choix multiples	`JList`	Affiche une liste d’éléments, sélection simple ou multiple
Listes et choix multiples	`JComboBox`	Liste déroulante pour sélectionner un élément
Composants de conteneur	`JPanel`	Conteneur générique pour regrouper des composants
	`JScrollPane`	Conteneur avec barres de défilement pour un composant
	`JTabbedPane`	Conteneur avec onglets pour afficher différents panneaux
	`JSplitPane`	Divise l’espace entre deux composants avec séparateur ajustable
Dialogues et fenêtres secondaires	`JOptionPane`	Boîtes de dialogue standard pour message, confirmation, question ou saisie
Dialogues et fenêtres secondaires	`JDialog`	Boîte de dialogue personnalisée, modale ou non

Les composants découverts au cours précédent.

57:T48c,flowchart TB Title["Composants Swing"] subgraph Saisie["Étiquettes et champs de saisie"] S1["JLabel
JTextField
JPasswordField
JTextArea"] S2["Texte affiché
Champs de saisie
Zone multi-lignes"] end subgraph Interaction["Boutons et éléments interactifs"] I1["JButton
JCheckBox
JRadioButton"] I2["Actions utilisateur
Sélection
Etat du composant"] end subgraph Listes["Listes et choix multiples"] L1["JList
JComboBox"] L2["Liste d'éléments
Sélection simple ou multiple"] end subgraph Conteneurs["Composants de conteneur"] C1["JPanel
JScrollPane
JTabbedPane
JSplitPane"] C2["Organisation des composants
Structure de l'interface"] end subgraph Dialogues["Dialogues et fenêtres secondaires"] D1["JOptionPane
JDialog"] D2["Messages
Confirmation
Fenêtres personnalisées"] end Title --> Saisie Title --> Interaction Title --> Listes Title --> Conteneurs Title --> Dialogues Saisie --> S1 --> S2 Interaction --> I1 --> I2 Listes --> L1 --> L2 Conteneurs --> C1 --> C2 Dialogues --> D1 --> D258:T9fd,59:T183b,

Swing organise les événements en familles. Chaque famille correspond à un type d'interaction et possède son propre Listener :

Événement / Listener	Déclenché par	Composants concernés
`ActionListener`	Clic, touche Entrée	`JButton`, `JTextField`...
`MouseListener`	Souris (clic, survol)	Tous les composants
`MouseMotionListener`	Mouvement souris	Tous les composants
`KeyListener`	Clavier	Tous les composants
`ChangeListener`	Changement de valeur	`JSlider`, `JTabbedPane`...
`ListSelectionListener`	Sélection liste	`JList`
`DocumentListener`	Modification texte	`JTextField`, `JTextArea`...
`WindowListener`	Fenêtre	`JFrame`, `JDialog`
`FocusListener`	Focus gain/perte	Tous les composants
`ItemListener`	Item coché / sélectionné	`JCheckBox`, `JComboBox`...

Les types d'Event.

5a:T4a8,

ActionListener est une interface du package java.awt.event qui étend EventListener. Elle est destinée à la réception d'événements d'action. La classe qui souhaite traiter un événement d'action implémente cette interface, et l'objet créé est enregistré auprès d'un composant via la méthode addActionListener() du composant.

En d'autres termes, c'est le mécanisme central de réaction aux interactions utilisateur en Swing. Elle repose sur le design pattern Observateur : un composant (la source) notifie ses listeners (les observateurs) lorsqu'un événement survient.

Un ActionEvent est généré par diverses actions utilisateur : cliquer sur un bouton, appuyer sur "Entrée" dans un champ texte, ou sélectionner un élément de menu.

ActionListener n'ayant qu'une seule méthode, il n'existe pas de classe Adapter correspondante. La méthode est actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) : elle est appelée immédiatement après que l'utilisateur a effectué une action.

5b:T1843,

AbstractAction est une classe abstraite du package javax.swing qui fournit des implémentations par défaut de l'interface Action. Les comportements standard comme les méthodes get/set pour les propriétés d'une action (icône, texte, état activé) y sont déjà définis. Le développeur n'a qu'à sous-classer cette classe abstraite et définir la méthode actionPerformed.

Un simple ActionListener ne fait qu'écouter un événement. AbstractAction, en implémentant l'interface Action, va bien plus loin : il encapsule dans un seul objet à la fois le comportement ET les métadonnées qui lui sont associées (nom, icône, raccourci clavier, tooltip, état activé/désactivé...).

Le bénéfice est capital : une fois votre Action définie, elle peut être utilisée simultanément dans une JMenuBar et une JToolBar, l'API Swing étant construite pour l'attendre et l'utiliser directement.

AbstractAction stocke ses métadonnées dans une table clé/valeur interne.

Clé	Rôle
`Action.NAME`	Texte affiché sur le bouton ou l’élément de menu
`Action.SMALL_ICON`	Petite icône pour boutons et menus
`Action.LARGE_ICON_KEY`	Grande icône (souvent utilisée dans les toolbars)
`Action.SHORT_DESCRIPTION`	Texte affiché en tooltip au survol
`Action.LONG_DESCRIPTION`	Description longue (accessibilité / aide)
`Action.MNEMONIC_KEY`	Touche d’accès rapide via Alt + lettre
`Action.ACCELERATOR_KEY`	Raccourci clavier global (ex: Ctrl + S)
`Action.ACTION_COMMAND_KEY`	Commande associée à l’action (identifiant interne)
`Action.SELECTED_KEY`	Indique l’état sélectionné (checkbox / toggle)
`Action.DISPLAYED_MNEMONIC_INDEX_KEY`	Position de la lettre soulignée pour le mnémonique
`Action.DEFAULT`	Valeur par défaut associée à l’action

Tableau clé / valeur.

5c:T1ab9,

Critère	`ActionListener`	`AbstractAction`
Type	Interface	Classe abstraite implémentant `Action`
But principal	Réagir à un événement (clic, Entrée…)	Encapsuler une action complète réutilisable
Méthode principale	`actionPerformed(ActionEvent e)`	`actionPerformed(ActionEvent e)`
Gestion du texte	Via `setText()` sur le composant	Via `Action.NAME`
Gestion des icônes	Via `setIcon()` sur chaque composant	Via `SMALL_ICON` / `LARGE_ICON_KEY`
Tooltip	Via `setToolTipText()`	Via `SHORT_DESCRIPTION`
Raccourcis clavier	Gestion manuelle	Via `MNEMONIC_KEY` et `ACCELERATOR_KEY`
Réutilisation	Doit être ajouté séparément à chaque composant	Une seule action peut être partagée entre bouton, menu, toolbar…
Activation / désactivation	`setEnabled()` sur chaque composant	`setEnabled()` sur l’action (affecte tous les composants liés)
Complexité	Simple et rapide	Plus structuré mais plus complet
Cas d’usage idéal	Petites applications ou actions simples	Applications structurées avec menus, toolbar, raccourcis

Tableau comparatif

5d:Tefa,

Méthode	Description
`e.getX()` / `e.getY()`	Coordonnées du curseur relatives au composant
`e.getPoint()`	Objet `Point` contenant les coordonnées x/y
`e.getClickCount()`	Nombre de clics consécutifs (double-clic = 2)
`e.getButton()`	Bouton utilisé : `BUTTON1`, `BUTTON2`, `BUTTON3`
`e.isPopupTrigger()`	`true` si le clic doit déclencher un menu contextuel
`e.getModifiersEx()`	Touches modificatrices actives (Shift, Ctrl, Alt…)
`e.getComponent()`	Composant source de l’événement
`e.getXOnScreen()` / `e.getYOnScreen()`	Coordonnées absolues du curseur sur l’écran

Méthodes associées.

5e:T7e6,

Dans l'exemple suivant, on utilise un BorderLayout, ce qui permet de fractionner notre fenêtre en 5 zones : nord, sud, est, ouest et centre. On souhaite que lorsque l'utilisateur clique (appui et relâche) sur la zone centrale, la couleur de fond change en noir.

On va alors utiliser la méthode mouseClicked(MouseEvent e) qui permet de gérer une action au clic de la souris.

Pour cette méthode, la classe MyFrame va implémenter la classe MouseListener, elle doit alors définir toutes les méthodes de cette dernière même vide ! Ce qui signifie que même si on va utiliser qu'une seule des 5 méthodes, elles devront toutes être définies dans la classe MyFrame même sans corps.

Voici le rôle de la classe MyFrame :

Initialisation de la fenêtre (titre, taille, ...)
Initialisation des 5 zones variables de classe de la forme zone... toutes initialisées vide et à l'emplacement adéquate.
Ensuite, la méthode actionCentre permet d'ajouter un écouteur d'événement de la souris sur la zone centrale zoneCentre. Sans lui, aucun événement de la souris ne sera "capté" sur cette zone donc rien ne se passera.
On réécrit @Override ensuite la méthode mouseClicked de telle sorte à ce que lorsque l'utilisateur clique sur la zone centrale de la fenêtre cette dernière passe en fond noir.

5f:T7c5,import javax.swing.JButton; import javax.swing.JFrame; import javax.swing.JPanel; import java.awt.event.MouseEvent; import java.awt.event.MouseListener; import java.awt.BorderLayout; import java.awt.Color; public class MyFrame extends JFrame implements MouseListener{ // Variables de classe private JPanel zoneNord, zoneSud, zoneEst, zoneWest, zoneCentre; public MyFrame(){ init(); initZones(); actionCenter(); setVisible(true); } public void init(){ setTitle("Exemple mouseListener"); setSize(800, 400); setLocationRelativeTo(null); setDefaultCloseOperation(EXIT_ON_CLOSE); // Panel principal : BorderLayout JPanel mainPanel = new JPanel(); mainPanel.setLayout(new BorderLayout()); setContentPane(mainPanel); } public void initZones(){ // Création des zones zoneNord = new JPanel(); zoneSud = new JPanel(); zoneWest = new JPanel(); zoneEst = new JPanel(); zoneCentre = new JPanel(); // Ajout des zones au bon emplacement add(zoneNord, BorderLayout.NORTH); add(zoneSud, BorderLayout.SOUTH); add(zoneEst, BorderLayout.EAST); add(zoneWest, BorderLayout.WEST); add(zoneCentre, BorderLayout.CENTER); } public void actionCenter(){ // Ajout d'un écouteur pour la zone centrale zoneCentre.addMouseListener(this); } // Implémenter MouseListener = définir TOUTES ces méthodes MÊME VIDE ! @Override public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e) { if(e.getSource() == zoneCentre) { zoneCentre.setBackground(Color.BLACK); } } @Override public void mouseEntered(MouseEvent e) { } @Override public void mouseExited(MouseEvent e) { } @Override public void mousePressed(MouseEvent e) { } @Override public void mouseReleased(MouseEvent e) { } }60:T4d5,import javax.swing.JFrame; import javax.swing.JPanel; import java.awt.BorderLayout; public class MyFrame extends JFrame { private JPanel zoneNord, zoneSud, zoneEst, zoneWest, zoneCentre; public MyFrame(){ init(); initZones(); actionCenter(); setVisible(true); } public void init(){ setTitle("Exemple mouseListener"); setSize(800, 400); setLocationRelativeTo(null); setDefaultCloseOperation(EXIT_ON_CLOSE); JPanel mainPanel = new JPanel(); mainPanel.setLayout(new BorderLayout()); setContentPane(mainPanel); } public void initZones(){ zoneNord = new JPanel(); zoneSud = new JPanel(); zoneWest = new JPanel(); zoneEst = new JPanel(); zoneCentre = new JPanel(); getContentPane().add(zoneNord, BorderLayout.NORTH); getContentPane().add(zoneSud, BorderLayout.SOUTH); getContentPane().add(zoneEst, BorderLayout.EAST); getContentPane().add(zoneWest, BorderLayout.WEST); getContentPane().add(zoneCentre, BorderLayout.CENTER); } public void actionCenter(){ zoneCentre.addMouseListener(new CenterMouseListener(zoneCentre)); } }61:T592,import javax.swing.JFrame; import javax.swing.JPanel; import java.awt.event.MouseEvent; import java.awt.event.MouseAdapter; import java.awt.BorderLayout; import java.awt.Color; public class MyFrame extends JFrame{ private JPanel zoneNord, zoneSud, zoneEst, zoneWest, zoneCentre; public MyFrame(){ init(); initZones(); actionCenter(); setVisible(true); } public void init(){ setTitle("Exemple mouseListener"); setSize(800, 400); setLocationRelativeTo(null); setDefaultCloseOperation(EXIT_ON_CLOSE); // Panel principal : BorderLayout JPanel mainPanel = new JPanel(); mainPanel.setLayout(new BorderLayout()); setContentPane(mainPanel); } public void initZones(){ zoneNord = new JPanel(); zoneSud = new JPanel(); zoneWest = new JPanel(); zoneEst = new JPanel(); zoneCentre = new JPanel(); add(zoneNord, BorderLayout.NORTH); add(zoneSud, BorderLayout.SOUTH); add(zoneEst, BorderLayout.EAST); add(zoneWest, BorderLayout.WEST); add(zoneCentre, BorderLayout.CENTER); } public void actionCenter(){ zoneCentre.addMouseListener(new MouseAdapter() { @Override public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e) { zoneCentre.setBackground(Color.BLACK); } }); } }62:T4c5,

MOUSE_DRAGGED continue à être délivré au composant où le glissé a commencé jusqu'à ce que le bouton de la souris soit relâché, même si la position de la souris sort des limites du composant. Du fait d'implémentations Drag & Drop dépendantes de la plateforme, les événements de type MOUSE_DRAGGED peuvent ne pas être délivrés pendant une opération de Drag & Drop native.

Il existe plusieurs moyen de coder pour traiter ses événements, les mêmes que l'on a déjà évoqué jusqu'à présent :

Implémenter directement MouseMotionListener et donc définir ses méthodes même vide
Traiter l'action dans une classe dédiée, permettant une meilleure lisibilité du code, une meilleure extensibilité, ... recommandé
Ou alors utiliser un MouseMotionAdapter pour ne surchager que les méthodes utilisées.

63:T5e6,

Si une application nécessite de détecter à la fois les événements souris et les événements de mouvement, on peut utiliser MouseInputAdapter, qui implémente à la fois MouseListener et MouseMotionListener. L'objet est alors enregistré simultanément comme listener des deux types.

Cet exemple simule une sélection rectangulaire, comme quand on sélectionne des fichiers sur le bureau en glissant la souris. L'utilisateur clique, maintient le bouton enfoncé, glisse, puis relâche ce qui dessine un rectangle imaginaire entre le point de départ et le point d'arrivée.

Pour cela, on a besoin de deux familles d'événements :

savoir quand l'utilisateur clique et relâche : MouseListener
savoir où la souris passe pendant le glissé : MouseMotionListener

Plutôt que de créer deux objets séparés, MouseInputAdapter permet de tout regrouper en un seul objet pour ces traitements.

Pourquoi utiliser MouseInputAdapter ?

On aurait pu écrire ceci :

64:T81b,

Le if (origine != null) est une sécurité : on ne calcule le rectangle que si un clic a bien été enregistré au préalable.

Le calcul de x et y avec Math.min sert à gérer le cas où l'utilisateur glisse vers le haut ou vers la gauche. Sans ça, le coin supérieur gauche du rectangle pourrait être le point d'arrivée plutôt que le point de départ.

En prenant le minimum des deux x et des deux y, on s'assure que est toujours l'angle supérieur gauche, peu importe le sens du glissé.

La largeur w et la hauteur h sont calculées avec Math.abs pour obtenir une valeur toujours positive, car une dimension négative n'a pas de sens.

Visuellement, si l'on part du point et qu'on glisse jusqu'à :

x = Math.min(100, 40) = 40 (le plus à gauche)
y = Math.min(80, 150) = 80 (le plus haut)
w = |40 - 100| = 60
h = |150 - 80| = 70

Quand l'utilisateur relâche le bouton, la sélection est terminée. Dans un vrai programme, c'est ici qu'on appliquerait la sélection (sélectionner des éléments, recadrer une image, etc.). On pourrait aussi remettre origine = null pour réinitialiser l'état. C'est la méthode mouseRealised qui s'en occupe.

65:T728,import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; public class MyFrame extends JFrame { private JPanel canvas; private RectActionListener listener; public MyFrame() { initFrame(); initComponents(); storeActions(); setVisible(true); } // Paramètres généraux de la fenêtre private void initFrame() { setTitle("Sélection rectangulaire"); setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE); setResizable(false); setLocationRelativeTo(null); } // Création et ajout des composants private void initComponents() { canvas = new JPanel() { @Override protected void paintComponent(Graphics g) { super.paintComponent(g); if (listener == null) return; Rectangle selection = listener.getSelection(); if (selection == null) return; Graphics2D g2 = (Graphics2D) g; g2.setRenderingHint( RenderingHints.KEY_ANTIALIASING, RenderingHints.VALUE_ANTIALIAS_ON ); // Remplissage semi-transparent g2.setColor(new Color(100, 150, 255, 60)); g2.fill(selection); // Bordure g2.setColor(new Color(50, 100, 200)); g2.setStroke(new BasicStroke(1.5f)); g2.draw(selection); } }; canvas.setBackground(Color.WHITE); canvas.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(600, 450)); add(canvas); pack(); } // Enregistrement des listeners private void storeActions() { listener = new RectActionListener(canvas); canvas.addMouseListener(listener); canvas.addMouseMotionListener(listener); } }66:T5da,import javax.swing.*; import javax.swing.event.MouseInputAdapter; import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; public class RectActionListener extends MouseInputAdapter { // Le panel sur lequel on dessine (pour appeler repaint()) private final JPanel panel; // Le rectangle en cours de sélection private Rectangle selection = null; // Le point d'origine du glissé private Point origine = null; // Constructeur : on lui donne le panel où on dessine public RectActionListener(JPanel panel) { this.panel = panel; } // Depuis MouseListener @Override public void mousePressed(MouseEvent e) { origine = e.getPoint(); selection = new Rectangle(origine); panel.repaint(); } @Override public void mouseReleased(MouseEvent e) { System.out.println("Sélection finale : " + selection); origine = null; // On stoppe le glissé } // Depuis MouseMotionListener @Override public void mouseDragged(MouseEvent e) { if (origine != null) { int x = Math.min(origine.x, e.getX()); int y = Math.min(origine.y, e.getY()); int w = Math.abs(e.getX() - origine.x); int h = Math.abs(e.getY() - origine.y); selection = new Rectangle(x, y, w, h); panel.repaint(); } } // Getter pour que MyFrame puisse dessiner le rectangle public Rectangle getSelection() { return selection; } }67:T59d,

En Swing, tout ce qui s'affiche à l'écran est dessiné. Un JPanel n'affiche rien de spécial par défaut c'est une surface vierge. Quand on veut dessiner quelque chose dessus (rectangle, cercle, texte, image...), on surcharge la méthode paintComponent.

Cette méthode est définie dans JComponent (la classe parente de tous les composants Swing) et Swing l'appelle automatiquement chaque fois que le composant doit être (re)dessiné :

au premier affichage de la fenêtre
quand la fenêtre est redimensionnée
quand la fenêtre est déplacée ou ramenée au premier plan
quand on appelle manuellement repaint() : c'est ce qu'on fait dans mouseDragged

On ne l'appelle jamais soi-même directement. On appelle repaint(), qui demande à Swing de planifier un appel à paintComponent au bon moment sur la pile d'appels.

68:T28c9,

La distinction entre les trois est importante :

keyPressed est déclenché dès qu'une touche est physiquement enfoncée, y compris les touches qui ne produisent pas de caractère : flèches, Échap, F1-F12, Shift, Ctrl, etc.
keyReleased est déclenché quand la touche est relâchée. Utile pour détecter la fin d'une action (par exemple pour arrêter un mouvement dans un jeu).
keyTyped est déclenché uniquement quand la frappe produit un caractère Unicode imprimable une lettre, un chiffre, un symbole. Les touches comme Flèche, Backspace, F5 ne déclenchent pas keyTyped.

Méthode	Description
`e.getKeyCode()`	Code entier de la touche physique (ex : `KeyEvent.VK_A`)
`e.getKeyChar()`	Caractère produit (uniquement dans `keyTyped`)
`KeyEvent.getKeyText(code)`	Nom lisible de la touche (ex : "Enter", "F5")
`e.isShiftDown()`	`true` si la touche Shift est enfoncée
`e.isControlDown()`	`true` si la touche Ctrl est enfoncée
`e.isAltDown()`	`true` si la touche Alt est enfoncée
`e.isMetaDown()`	`true` si la touche Meta / Cmd (Mac) est enfoncée
`e.getModifiersEx()`	Masque binaire contenant toutes les touches modificatrices actives

Méthodes utilitaires pour KeyEvent.

KeyEvent définit des centaines de constantes préfixées VK_ (Virtual Key) représentant chaque touche physique :

Constante	Touche correspondante
`KeyEvent.VK_A`	Touche A
`KeyEvent.VK_ENTER`	Entrée
`KeyEvent.VK_ESCAPE`	Échap
`KeyEvent.VK_SPACE`	Espace
`KeyEvent.VK_UP`	Flèche haut
`KeyEvent.VK_DOWN`	Flèche bas
`KeyEvent.VK_LEFT`	Flèche gauche
`KeyEvent.VK_RIGHT`	Flèche droite
`KeyEvent.VK_SHIFT`	Touche Shift
`KeyEvent.VK_CONTROL`	Touche Ctrl
`KeyEvent.VK_F1` → `KeyEvent.VK_F12`	Touches de fonction F1 à F12
`KeyEvent.VK_DELETE`	Suppr (Delete)
`KeyEvent.VK_BACK_SPACE`	Retour arrière (Backspace)

Les constantes clavier.

69:T595,import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.KeyEvent; import java.awt.event.KeyListener; public class MyFrame extends JFrame implements KeyListener { private JPanel canvas; private JLabel label; public MyFrame() { initFrame(); initComponents(); storeActions(); setVisible(true); } // Paramètres généraux de la fenêtre private void initFrame() { setTitle("Exemple KeyListener"); setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE); setResizable(false); setLocationRelativeTo(null); setSize(500, 300); } // Création et ajout des composants private void initComponents() { canvas = new JPanel(); // IMPORTANT pour recevoir les événements clavier canvas.setFocusable(true); label = new JLabel("Appuyez sur une touche..."); setLayout(new BorderLayout()); add(label, BorderLayout.NORTH); add(canvas, BorderLayout.CENTER); // Donne le focus au panel canvas.requestFocusInWindow(); } private void storeActions() { canvas.addKeyListener(this); } @Override public void keyTyped(KeyEvent e) { } @Override public void keyPressed(KeyEvent e) { label.setText("Touche pressée : " + e.getKeyText(e.getKeyCode())); } @Override public void keyReleased(KeyEvent e) { } }6a:T400,import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; public class MyFrame extends JFrame { private JPanel panel; private JLabel label; private MyKeyListener listener; public MyFrame() { initFrame(); initComponents(); storeActions(); setVisible(true); } private void initFrame() { setTitle("Exemple KeyListener"); setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE); setLocationRelativeTo(null); } private void initComponents() { label = new JLabel("Appuyez sur une touche"); panel = new JPanel(); panel.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(400, 300)); panel.setFocusable(true); // indispensable setLayout(new BorderLayout()); add(label, BorderLayout.NORTH); add(panel, BorderLayout.CENTER); pack(); } private void storeActions() { listener = new MyKeyListener(label); panel.addKeyListener(listener); panel.requestFocusInWindow(); // donne le focus } }6b:T939,import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; public class MyFrame extends JFrame { // Position du carré private int x = 250, y = 190; private final int TAILLE = 30; private final int VITESSE = 4; private MyKeyListener keyListener; private JPanel canvas; public MyFrame() { initFrame(); initComponents(); storeActions(); startGameLoop(); } private void initFrame() { setTitle("Déplacement clavier"); setDefaultCloseOperation(EXIT_ON_CLOSE); setResizable(false); setLocationRelativeTo(null); } private void initComponents() { canvas = new JPanel() { @Override protected void paintComponent(Graphics g) { super.paintComponent(g); Graphics2D g2 = (Graphics2D) g; g2.setRenderingHint( RenderingHints.KEY_ANTIALIASING, RenderingHints.VALUE_ANTIALIAS_ON ); // Dessin du carré rouge g2.setColor(Color.RED); g2.fillRect(x, y, TAILLE, TAILLE); // Affichage de la position g2.setColor(Color.DARK_GRAY); g2.drawString("Position : (" + x + ", " + y + ")", 10, 20); } }; canvas.setBackground(Color.WHITE); canvas.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(530, 400)); // Indispensable pour qu'un JPanel reçoive les événements clavier canvas.setFocusable(true); canvas.requestFocusInWindow(); add(canvas); pack(); setVisible(true); } private void storeActions() { keyListener = new MyKeyListener(); canvas.addKeyListener(keyListener); } private void startGameLoop() { Timer timer = new Timer(16, e -> { if (keyListener.isHaut()) y -= VITESSE; if (keyListener.isBas()) y += VITESSE; if (keyListener.isGauche()) x -= VITESSE; if (keyListener.isDroite()) x += VITESSE; // Empêcher le carré de sortir de la zone du dessin x = Math.max(0, Math.min(canvas.getWidth() - TAILLE, x)); y = Math.max(0, Math.min(canvas.getHeight() - TAILLE, y)); canvas.repaint(); }); timer.start(); } }6c:T4ce,import java.awt.event.*; public class MyKeyListener extends KeyAdapter { private boolean haut, bas, gauche, droite; // keyPressed : démarre le mouvement @Override public void keyPressed(KeyEvent e) { switch (e.getKeyCode()) { case KeyEvent.VK_UP, KeyEvent.VK_Z -> haut = true; case KeyEvent.VK_DOWN, KeyEvent.VK_S -> bas = true; case KeyEvent.VK_LEFT, KeyEvent.VK_Q -> gauche = true; case KeyEvent.VK_RIGHT, KeyEvent.VK_D -> droite = true; } } // keyReleased : stoppe le mouvement @Override public void keyReleased(KeyEvent e) { switch (e.getKeyCode()) { case KeyEvent.VK_UP, KeyEvent.VK_Z -> haut = false; case KeyEvent.VK_DOWN, KeyEvent.VK_S -> bas = false; case KeyEvent.VK_LEFT, KeyEvent.VK_Q -> gauche = false; case KeyEvent.VK_RIGHT, KeyEvent.VK_D -> droite = false; } } // Getters utilisés par MyFrame pour déplacer le carré public boolean isHaut() { return haut; } public boolean isBas() { return bas; } public boolean isGauche() { return gauche; } public boolean isDroite() { return droite; } }6d:T105a,

PropertyChangeListener sert à être notifié automatiquement quand une propriété d’un objet change. C’est très utilisé en Swing pour détecter les changements dans les composants graphiques (boutons, champs texte, etc.).

Méthode	Description
`propertyChange(PropertyChangeEvent evt)`	Appelée lorsqu'une propriété change.
`addPropertyChangeListener(PropertyChangeListener l)`	Ajoute un écouteur pour toutes les propriétés.
`addPropertyChangeListener(String prop, PropertyChangeListener l)`	Ajoute un écouteur pour une propriété spécifique.
`removePropertyChangeListener(PropertyChangeListener l)`	Supprime un écouteur.
`firePropertyChange(String prop, Object oldVal, Object newVal)`	Déclenche un événement de changement.
`getPropertyName()`	Retourne le nom de la propriété modifiée.
`getOldValue()`	Retourne l'ancienne valeur.
`getNewValue()`	Retourne la nouvelle valeur.

Méthode associées à PropretyChangeListener.

6e:Ta50,

Plusieurs composants Swing s'appuient sur ChangeListener pour leur fonctionnement de base : JSlider, JSpinner, JTabbedPane et JColorChooser notamment. Pour savoir quand la valeur d'un slider change, il faut enregistrer un ChangeListener. De même pour être notifié quand l'utilisateur choisit une nouvelle couleur dans un JColorChooser, ou quand la valeur d'un JSpinner est modifiée.

Composant	Déclenché quand...
`JSlider`	Le curseur est déplacé
`JSpinner`	La valeur est incrémentée ou modifiée manuellement
`JTabbedPane`	Un autre onglet est sélectionné
`JProgressBar`	La valeur de progression change

Quelques exemples de composants qui déclenche ce genre d'événement.

6f:Tb2b,

Méthode	Description
`stateChanged(ChangeEvent e)`	Méthode unique de l’interface `ChangeListener`, appelée quand l’état du composant change.
`addChangeListener(ChangeListener l)`	Ajoute un `ChangeListener` au composant (ex: `JSlider`, `JSpinner`).
`removeChangeListener(ChangeListener l)`	Supprime un `ChangeListener` du composant.
`getChangeListeners()`	Retourne la liste des `ChangeListener` attachés à un composant.
`getSource()`	Méthode de `ChangeEvent` pour obtenir le composant qui a déclenché l’événement.

Principales méthodes liées à ChangeListener.

70:T550,import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; public class MyFrame extends JFrame { private Action action; private JSlider slider; private JLabel label; public MyFrame(Action action) { this.action = action; initFrame(); initComponents(); storeListeners(); } private void initFrame() { setTitle("ChangeListener - JSlider"); setDefaultCloseOperation(EXIT_ON_CLOSE); setResizable(false); setLocationRelativeTo(null); } private void initComponents() { slider = new JSlider(0, 100, 50); slider.setMajorTickSpacing(25); slider.setPaintTicks(true); slider.setPaintLabels(true); label = new JLabel(action.getMessage(), SwingConstants.CENTER); label.setFont(new Font("Arial", Font.BOLD, 18)); JPanel panel = new JPanel(new BorderLayout(10, 10)); panel.setBorder(BorderFactory.createEmptyBorder(20, 20, 20, 20)); panel.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(400, 150)); panel.add(slider, BorderLayout.CENTER); panel.add(label, BorderLayout.SOUTH); add(panel); pack(); setVisible(true); } private void storeListeners() { MyChangeListener changeListener = new MyChangeListener(action, label); slider.addChangeListener(changeListener); } }71:T61b,import javax.swing.*; import javax.swing.event.*; import java.awt.*; public class MyFrame extends JFrame { private Action action; private JSpinner spinner; private JLabel label; public MyFrame(Action action) { this.action = action; initFrame(); initComponents(); storeListeners(); } private void initFrame() { setTitle("ChangeListener - JSpinner"); setDefaultCloseOperation(EXIT_ON_CLOSE); setResizable(false); setLocationRelativeTo(null); } private void initComponents() { spinner = new JSpinner(new SpinnerNumberModel(action.getTaille(), 8, 72, 1)); label = new JLabel(action.getDescription(), SwingConstants.CENTER); label.setFont(new Font("Arial", Font.BOLD, action.getTaille())); JLabel instruction = new JLabel("Choisissez la taille :", SwingConstants.CENTER); instruction.setFont(new Font("Arial", Font.PLAIN, 13)); JPanel panel = new JPanel(new BorderLayout(10, 20)); panel.setBorder(BorderFactory.createEmptyBorder(25, 25, 25, 25)); panel.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(420, 200)); panel.add(instruction, BorderLayout.NORTH); panel.add(spinner, BorderLayout.CENTER); panel.add(label, BorderLayout.SOUTH); add(panel); pack(); setVisible(true); } private void storeListeners() { MyChangeListener changeListener = new MyChangeListener(action, label); spinner.addChangeListener(changeListener); } }72:T95c,

ListSelectionEvent est l’objet passé à valueChanged. Il contient toutes les informations sur la sélection et voici quelques unes de ces méthodes utiles :

Méthode	Description
`e.getValueIsAdjusting()`	true si la sélection est encore en cours (drag souris)
`e.getFirstIndex()`	Premier index affecté par le changement
`e.getLastIndex()`	Dernier index affecté par le changement
`e.getSource()`	Retourne la source (le ListSelectionModel)

Méthodes associées à ListSelectionEvent.

73:Tb99,

Méthode	Description
`list.getSelectedValue()`	Élément sélectionné (String, etc.)
`list.getSelectedIndex()`	Index de la sélection (-1 si rien)
`list.getSelectedValues()`	Tableau des éléments sélectionnés
`list.getSelectedIndices()`	Tableau des index sélectionnés
`list.setSelectionMode(...)`	Mode de sélection (voir constantes)
`list.addListSelectionListener()`	Brancher le listener

Méthodes associées au composant JList.

74:T1215,

DefaultListModel est une classe de Java Swing qui sert de modèle de données pour un JList.

Un JList est un composant graphique qui affiche une liste d’éléments à l’écran.
Pour que cette liste ait des données, elle utilise un modèle (ListModel).
DefaultListModel est la implémentation prête à l’emploi qui permet de stocker et gérer facilement des éléments dans la liste.

En gros : le JList affiche, et le DefaultListModel contient les données.

Méthode	Description
`modele.addElement("Pomme")`	Ajouter à la fin
`modele.add(0, "Banane")`	Insérer à l'index 0
`modele.remove(1)`	Supprimer l’élément à l'index 1
`modele.set(0, "Mangue")`	Remplacer l’élément à l'index 0
`modele.clear()`	Vider le modèle
`modele.size()`	Nombre d'éléments
`modele.contains("Pomme")`	Vérifier la présence d'un élément
`modele.getElementAt(0)`	Récupérer l’élément par index

Méthodes associées à un DefaultListModel.

75:T5e0,import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; public class MyFrame extends JFrame { private Action action; private JList list; private JLabel label; public MyFrame(Action action) { this.action = action; initFrame(); initComponents(); storeListeners(); } private void initFrame() { setTitle("ListSelectionListener"); setDefaultCloseOperation(EXIT_ON_CLOSE); setResizable(false); setLocationRelativeTo(null); } private void initComponents() { String[] fruits = {"Pomme", "Banane", "Cerise", "Mangue", "Orange"}; list = new JList<>(fruits); list.setSelectionMode(ListSelectionModel.SINGLE_SELECTION); list.setFont(new Font("Arial", Font.PLAIN, 15)); label = new JLabel(action.getDescription(), SwingConstants.CENTER); label.setFont(new Font("Arial", Font.BOLD, 15)); JPanel panel = new JPanel(new BorderLayout(10, 10)); panel.setBorder(BorderFactory.createEmptyBorder(20, 20, 20, 20)); panel.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(350, 250)); panel.add(new JScrollPane(list), BorderLayout.CENTER); panel.add(label, BorderLayout.SOUTH); add(panel); pack(); setVisible(true); } private void storeListeners() { MyListSelectionListener listener = new MyListSelectionListener(action, list, label); list.addListSelectionListener(listener); } }76:T125c,

Méthode	Description
`e.getDocument()`	Le Document modifié
`e.getOffset()`	Position du début de la modification
`e.getLength()`	Nombre de caractères ajoutés ou supprimés
`e.getType()`	Type : INSERT, REMOVE, CHANGE (DocumentEvent.EventType)

Méthodes associées à un DocumentEvent.

Méthode	Description
`doc.getText(0, doc.getLength())`	Récupérer tout le texte
`doc.getLength()`	Longueur du texte
`doc.addDocumentListener(...)`	Brancher le listener
`doc.insertString(offset, str, attr)`	Insérer du texte (throws BadLocationException)
`doc.remove(offset, length)`	Supprimer du texte (throws BadLocationException)

Méthodes associées à Document.

77:T1afd,

Méthode	Description
`e.getWindow()`	La fenêtre source (Window)
`e.getOppositeWindow()`	L'autre fenêtre impliquée (focus), peut être null
`e.getNewState()`	Nouvel état de la fenêtre (iconifié, maximisé…)
`e.getOldState()`	Ancien état de la fenêtre

Méthodes associées à WindowEvent.

Constante	Description
`Frame.NORMAL`	Fenêtre normale
`Frame.ICONIFIED`	Fenêtre minimisée
`Frame.MAXIMIZED_BOTH`	Fenêtre maximisée horizontalement et verticalement
`Frame.MAXIMIZED_HORIZ`	Fenêtre maximisée horizontalement
`Frame.MAXIMIZED_VERT`	Fenêtre maximisée verticalement

Constantes d'état de la fenêtre. Utilisables avec e.getNewState() dans windowStateChanged (de WindowStateListener).

Constante	Description
`JFrame.DO_NOTHING_ON_CLOSE`	Ne rien faire (gérer manuellement dans windowClosing)
`JFrame.HIDE_ON_CLOSE`	Cacher la fenêtre
`JFrame.DISPOSE_ON_CLOSE`	Libérer les ressources
`JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE`	Quitter l'application

Constantes, comportement à la fermeture. À définir avec setDefaultCloseOperation().

78:T600,import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; public class MyFrame extends JFrame { private Action action; private JCheckBox checkBox; private JLabel label; public MyFrame(Action action) { this.action = action; initFrame(); initComponents(); storeListeners(); } private void initFrame() { setTitle("WindowListener - Confirmation fermeture"); setDefaultCloseOperation(DO_NOTHING_ON_CLOSE); // indispensable ! setResizable(false); setLocationRelativeTo(null); } private void initComponents() { checkBox = new JCheckBox("Simuler une modification non sauvegardée"); checkBox.setFont(new Font("Arial", Font.PLAIN, 13)); label = new JLabel(action.getStatut(), SwingConstants.CENTER); label.setFont(new Font("Arial", Font.BOLD, 13)); checkBox.addActionListener(e -> { action.setModifie(checkBox.isSelected()); label.setText(action.getStatut()); }); JPanel panel = new JPanel(new BorderLayout(10, 15)); panel.setBorder(BorderFactory.createEmptyBorder(25, 25, 25, 25)); panel.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(420, 150)); panel.add(checkBox, BorderLayout.CENTER); panel.add(label, BorderLayout.SOUTH); add(panel); pack(); setVisible(true); } private void storeListeners() { MyWindowListener listener = new MyWindowListener(action, this); addWindowListener(listener); } }79:T64a,import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.event.*; public class MyWindowListener extends WindowAdapter { private Action action; private JFrame frame; public MyWindowListener(Action action, JFrame frame) { this.action = action; this.frame = frame; } @Override public void windowOpened(WindowEvent e) { System.out.println("Fenêtre ouverte."); } @Override public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e) { if (action.isModifie()) { int choix = JOptionPane.showConfirmDialog( frame, "Des modifications non sauvegardées existent. Quitter quand même ?", "Confirmation", JOptionPane.YES_NO_OPTION, JOptionPane.WARNING_MESSAGE ); if (choix == JOptionPane.YES_OPTION) { frame.dispose(); } } else { frame.dispose(); } } @Override public void windowClosed(WindowEvent e) { System.out.println("Fenêtre fermée. Au revoir !"); System.exit(0); } @Override public void windowIconified(WindowEvent e) { System.out.println("Fenêtre minimisée."); } @Override public void windowDeiconified(WindowEvent e) { System.out.println("Fenêtre restaurée."); } @Override public void windowActivated(WindowEvent e) { System.out.println("Fenêtre au premier plan."); } @Override public void windowDeactivated(WindowEvent e) { System.out.println("Fenêtre en arrière-plan."); } }7a:T12b6,

Méthode	Description
`e.getComponent()`	Le composant concerné
`e.getOppositeComponent()`	Le composant qui gagne/perd le focus en échange (peut être null)
`e.isTemporary()`	true si le changement de focus est temporaire (ex : popup)
`e.getSource()`	La source de l’événement

Méthodes associées à un FocusListener.

Voici quelques méthodes utiles sur les composants pour le focus.

Méthode	Description
`component.requestFocusInWindow()`	Demander le focus
`component.isFocusOwner()`	Vérifier si le composant a le focus
`component.setFocusable(true)`	Autoriser le focus (true par défaut)
`component.transferFocus()`	Passer le focus au composant suivant (comme Tab)
`component.transferFocusBackward()`	Passer le focus au composant précédent

Méthode associées.

7b:T611,

Dans l'exemple suivant, nous allons créer un validateur. La séquence marquée est valide si :

elle n'est pas vide
elle a au moins 3 caractères

C'est un formulaire avec un seul champ texte qui se valide quand l'utilisateur le quitte. Le fond du champ change de couleur (jaune en cours de saisie, rouge si invalide, vert si valide) et un message s'affiche en bas.

App.java : Lance l'application et crée les objets.
Action.java : Contient les deux règles de validation : le champ ne doit pas être vide et doit faire au moins 3 caractères.
MyFocusListener.java : Écoute quand le champ gagne ou perd le focus, interroge Action pour savoir si la valeur est valide, et met à jour l'affichage en conséquence.
MyFrame.java : Construit et affiche la fenêtre avec le champ texte, le bouton et le label de statut.

7c:T73f,import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; public class MyFrame extends JFrame { private static final String PLACEHOLDER = "Entrez votre nom..."; private Action action; private JTextField textField; private JLabel label; public MyFrame(Action action) { this.action = action; initFrame(); initComponents(); storeListeners(); } private void initFrame() { setTitle("FocusListener - Validation"); setDefaultCloseOperation(EXIT_ON_CLOSE); setResizable(false); setLocationRelativeTo(null); } private void initComponents() { textField = new JTextField(PLACEHOLDER, 20); textField.setForeground(Color.GRAY); textField.setFont(new Font("Arial", Font.PLAIN, 14)); label = new JLabel("Cliquez sur le champ pour commencer", SwingConstants.CENTER); label.setFont(new Font("Arial", Font.BOLD, 13)); // bouton neutre pour permettre de perdre le focus JButton bouton = new JButton("Valider"); bouton.setFont(new Font("Arial", Font.PLAIN, 13)); JPanel panel = new JPanel(new BorderLayout(10, 15)); panel.setBorder(BorderFactory.createEmptyBorder(25, 25, 25, 25)); panel.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(400, 180)); panel.add(new JLabel("Nom :"), BorderLayout.NORTH); panel.add(textField, BorderLayout.CENTER); JPanel bas = new JPanel(new BorderLayout(5, 5)); bas.add(bouton, BorderLayout.NORTH); bas.add(label, BorderLayout.SOUTH); panel.add(bas, BorderLayout.SOUTH); add(panel); pack(); setVisible(true); } private void storeListeners() { MyFocusListener listener = new MyFocusListener(action, textField, label); textField.addFocusListener(listener); } }7d:T78e,import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; public class MyFocusListener extends FocusAdapter { private static final String PLACEHOLDER = "Entrez votre nom..."; private static final Color COULEUR_FOCUS = new Color(255, 255, 180); private static final Color COULEUR_ERREUR = new Color(255, 200, 200); private static final Color COULEUR_VALIDE = new Color(200, 255, 200); private Action action; private JTextField textField; private JLabel label; public MyFocusListener(Action action, JTextField textField, JLabel label) { this.action = action; this.textField = textField; this.label = label; } @Override public void focusGained(FocusEvent e) { // effacer le placeholder si présent if (textField.getText().equals(PLACEHOLDER)) { textField.setText(""); textField.setForeground(Color.BLACK); } textField.setBackground(COULEUR_FOCUS); label.setText("En cours de saisie..."); label.setForeground(Color.DARK_GRAY); } @Override public void focusLost(FocusEvent e) { // remettre le placeholder si vide if (textField.getText().isEmpty()) { textField.setText(PLACEHOLDER); textField.setForeground(Color.GRAY); } action.setValeur( textField.getText().equals(PLACEHOLDER) ? "" : textField.getText() ); if (action.estVide()) { textField.setBackground(COULEUR_ERREUR); label.setForeground(Color.RED); } else if (!action.estValide()) { textField.setBackground(COULEUR_ERREUR); label.setForeground(new Color(180, 100, 0)); } else { textField.setBackground(COULEUR_VALIDE); label.setForeground(new Color(0, 130, 0)); } label.setText(action.getStatut()); } }7e:Tbac,

Méthode / Constante	Description
`e.getItem()`	L’élément concerné (String pour JComboBox, etc.)
`e.getStateChange()`	ItemEvent.SELECTED ou ItemEvent.DESELECTED
`e.getSource()`	Le composant source (JCheckBox, JComboBox…)
`e.getItemSelectable()`	Le composant sélectionnable source
`ItemEvent.SELECTED`	Élément coché / sélectionné
`ItemEvent.DESELECTED`	Élément décoché / désélectionné

Méthodes et constantes associées à un ItemEvent.

7f:T65f,import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; public class MyFrame extends JFrame { private Action action; private JCheckBox cbGras; private JCheckBox cbItalique; private JLabel label; public MyFrame(Action action) { this.action = action; initFrame(); initComponents(); storeListeners(); } private void initFrame() { setTitle("ItemListener - JCheckBox"); setDefaultCloseOperation(EXIT_ON_CLOSE); setResizable(false); setLocationRelativeTo(null); } private void initComponents() { cbGras = new JCheckBox("Gras"); cbItalique = new JCheckBox("Italique"); cbGras.setFont(new Font("Arial", Font.PLAIN, 13)); cbItalique.setFont(new Font("Arial", Font.PLAIN, 13)); label = new JLabel("Texte", SwingConstants.CENTER); label.setFont(new Font("Arial", Font.PLAIN, 22)); JPanel cases = new JPanel(new FlowLayout(FlowLayout.CENTER, 20, 0)); cases.add(cbGras); cases.add(cbItalique); JPanel panel = new JPanel(new BorderLayout(10, 20)); panel.setBorder(BorderFactory.createEmptyBorder(25, 25, 25, 25)); panel.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(380, 160)); panel.add(cases, BorderLayout.NORTH); panel.add(label, BorderLayout.CENTER); add(panel); pack(); setVisible(true); } private void storeListeners() { MyItemListener listener = new MyItemListener(action, cbGras, cbItalique, label); cbGras.addItemListener(listener); cbItalique.addItemListener(listener); } }80:Te65,

ActionListener — réagit aux clics et à la touche Entrée. Peut être implémenté de 4 façons : directement dans la classe, via une classe interne anonyme, via une lambda (Java 8+), ou via une classe interne nommée. AbstractAction est une alternative plus puissante qui encapsule comportement + métadonnées (icône, tooltip, raccourci), réutilisable sur plusieurs composants simultanément.
MouseListener — détecte les clics, la pression, le relâchement, et l'entrée/sortie du curseur sur un composant. MouseAdapter évite d'implémenter les méthodes inutiles.
MouseMotionListener — détecte les déplacements (mouseMoved) et glissés (mouseDragged). Combiné avec MouseListener via MouseInputAdapter pour partager des données entre les deux (ex : sélection rectangulaire).
KeyListener — réagit au clavier. Trois méthodes : keyPressed (touche enfoncée), keyReleased (relâchée), keyTyped (caractère produit). Nécessite que le composant ait le focus. KeyAdapter permet de ne surcharger que les méthodes utiles.
ChangeListener — réagit aux changements de valeur sur JSlider, JSpinner, JTabbedPane, JProgressBar. Ne précise pas ce qui a changé, juste que quelque chose a changé.
ListSelectionListener — écoute les changements de sélection dans une JList. DefaultListModel gère les données de la liste. Supporte la sélection unique ou multiple.
DocumentListener — écoute les modifications de texte en temps réel dans un JTextField ou JTextArea (contrairement à ActionListener qui attend Entrée). Trois méthodes : insertUpdate, removeUpdate, changedUpdate.
WindowListener — intercepte les événements de fenêtre (ouverture, fermeture, minimisation…). Utile pour confirmer la fermeture ou sauvegarder des données. Nécessite DO_NOTHING_ON_CLOSE pour intercepter manuellement la fermeture.
FocusListener — réagit au gain ou à la perte de focus d'un composant. Utile pour les placeholders, la validation à la sortie d'un champ, ou les changements d'apparence.
ItemListener — détecte les changements d'état coché/décoché sur JCheckBox, JRadioButton, JComboBox. Plus précis qu'ActionListener car indique si l'élément est SELECTED ou DESELECTED.

81:T150e,

Catégorie	Composant	Méthodes clés	Effet
Saisie	`JLabel`, `JTextField`, `JPasswordField`, `JTextArea`	`setText`, `setFont`, `setForeground`, `setBackground`, `setEditable`…	Texte, couleurs, police, édition
Interaction	`JButton`, `JCheckBox`, `JRadioButton`	`setText`, `setIcon`, `setEnabled`, `setSelected`…	Apparence et état
Listes	`JList`, `JComboBox`	`setSelectionForeground`, `setEditable`…	Sélection et style
Conteneurs	`JPanel`, `JScrollPane`, `JTabbedPane`, `JSplitPane`	`setBorder`, `setLayout`, politiques de scroll…	Structure visuelle
Dialogues	`JOptionPane`, `JDialog`	`setModal`, `setTitle`, `setFont`…	Fenêtres secondaires

82:T523,flowchart TB Title["Composants Swing"] subgraph Saisie["Saisie"] S1["JLabel
JTextField
JPasswordField
JTextArea"] S2["setText()
setFont()
setForeground()
setBackground()
setEditable()"] S3["Texte
Couleurs
Police
Edition"] end subgraph Interaction["Interaction"] I1["JButton
JCheckBox
JRadioButton"] I2["setText()
setIcon()
setEnabled()
setSelected()"] I3["Apparence
Etat"] end subgraph Listes["Listes"] L1["JList
JComboBox"] L2["setSelectionForeground()
setEditable()"] L3["Sélection
Style"] end subgraph Conteneurs["Conteneurs"] C1["JPanel
JScrollPane
JTabbedPane
JSplitPane"] C2["setBorder()
setLayout()
Politique de scroll"] C3["Structure
Organisation visuelle"] end subgraph Dialogues["Dialogues"] D1["JOptionPane
JDialog"] D2["setModal()
setTitle()
setFont()"] D3["Fenêtres secondaires"] end Title --> Saisie Title --> Interaction Title --> Listes Title --> Conteneurs Title --> Dialogues Saisie --> S1 S1 --> S2 S2 --> S3 Interaction --> I1 I1 --> I2 I2 --> I3 Listes --> L1 L1 --> L2 L2 --> L3 Conteneurs --> C1 C1 --> C2 C2 --> C3 Dialogues --> D1 D1 --> D2 D2 --> D383:Td30,

Jusqu’ici, nos interfaces fonctionnent… mais elles se ressemblent toutes.

Un JButton gris avec un texte noir, un JTextField blanc sans indication, un JPanel sans bordure : techniquement correct, visuellement anonyme. L’utilisateur comprend que des composants existent, mais pas toujours à quoi ils servent, ni dans quel état ils se trouvent. Pourtant, chaque composante Swing héritée de JComponent expose un ensemble de méthodes pour contrôler précisément son apparence et son comportement : police, couleurs, bordure, activation, édition, info-bulle, etc. C’est ce qui transforme une démo technique en interface lisible, cohérente et agréable à utiliser.

Dans cette partie, nous allons justement explorer ces leviers de personnalisation qu’offre JComponent à l’ensemble de ses descendants. L’objectif n’est pas de faire du " joli" pour le plaisir, mais de comprendre comment chaque propriété visuelle porte une information fonctionnelle :

une police (setFont) qui distingue un titre d’un simple label ;
une couleur de fond ou de texte (setBackground, setForeground) qui signale un état (erreur, succès, sélection) ;
une bordure (setBorder) qui délimite visuellement un groupe logique de composants, ou qui matérialise le focus ;
un état activé/désactivé (setEnabled) qui indique à l’utilisateur qu’une action n’est pas disponible pour l’instant ;
un champ éditable ou non (setEditable) qui distingue une donnée consultable d’une donnée modifiable ;
une info-bulle (setToolTipText) qui offre un complément d’explication sans surcharger l’interface.

Chacune de ces méthodes est héritée de JComponent, ce qui signifie qu’elle s’applique de la même manière, avec la même syntaxe, à un JButton, un JLabel, un JTextField ou un JPanel. C’est cette uniformité qui rend Swing prévisible : une fois qu’on maîtrise setFont ou setBorder sur un composant, on sait l’utiliser partout ailleurs.

Nous verrons donc, dans les sections suivantes, comment combiner ces réglages pour transformer une fenêtre de test en un formulaire soigné : cohérence des couleurs, alignement des polices, retour visuel sur les champs obligatoires, et petites touches d’ergonomie (curseur, info-bulles, désactivation conditionnelle) qui font toute la différence entre un prototype et une interface réellement utilisable.

84:T41c,

JComponent est la classe mère de la quasi-totalité des composants Swing "légers" (lightweight). Elle hérite elle-même de Container, qui hérite de Component (java.awt). Cette double filiation explique pourquoi Swing combine à la fois :

des méthodes historiques AWT (héritées de Component et Container) : setSize, setLocation, setVisible, add, remove, getGraphics, etc. ;
des méthodes spécifiques Swing (ajoutées par JComponent) : setBorder, setToolTipText, setOpaque, setPreferredSize, setUI, etc.

85:T5f0,

Avant Swing, AWT (Abstract Window Toolkit) reposait entièrement sur ce qu’on appelle des peers : chaque composant Java (java.awt.Button, java.awt.TextField, java.awt.Checkbox…) était en réalité une simple enveloppe autour d’un composant graphique natif, fourni par le système d’exploitation (une vraie fenêtre Windows, un vrai widget GTK sous Linux, etc.).

Le rendu est délégué à l’OS : c’est Windows, macOS ou Linux qui dessine réellement le bouton.
L’apparence change selon la plateforme : un java.awt.Button n’a pas le même rendu sous Windows et sous Linux, puisqu’il utilise les widgets natifs de chacun.
La personnalisation est très limitée : on ne peut pas redéfinir la forme d’un bouton natif, ni ajouter facilement un dégradé ou une icône superposée, car Java ne fait que « demander » à l’OS d’afficher le composant.
Chaque composant occupe des ressources système réelles, ce qui limite les performances quand il y en a beaucoup.

86:T908,

	AWT (heavyweight)	Swing (lightweight)
Rendu	Délégué à l’OS (peer natif)	Dessiné entièrement en Java (`paintComponent`)
Apparence	Dépend de la plateforme	Identique partout (sauf Look and Feel choisi)
Personnalisation	Très limitée	Totale (formes, couleurs, effets)

87:T4e7,import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; public class FrameTexteIcone extends JFrame { private JButton boutonLecture; private boolean enLecture = false; public FrameTexteIcone() { init(); setVisible(true); } private void init() { setTitle("Famille : texte / icône"); setSize(300, 150); setDefaultCloseOperation(EXIT_ON_CLOSE); setLocationRelativeTo(null); boutonLecture = new JButton("Lecture", UIManager.getIcon("FileView.fileIcon")); boutonLecture.setHorizontalTextPosition(SwingConstants.RIGHT); boutonLecture.setIconTextGap(8); boutonLecture.addActionListener(new ToggleLectureListener(this)); setLayout(new FlowLayout()); add(boutonLecture); } // Méthode appelée par le listener pour basculer l'état visuel public void basculerEtat() { enLecture = !enLecture; // inverse l'état if (enLecture) { boutonLecture.setText("Pause"); boutonLecture.setIcon(UIManager.getIcon("Tree.leafIcon")); } else { boutonLecture.setText("Lecture"); boutonLecture.setIcon(UIManager.getIcon("Tree.openIcon")); } } }88:T52e,

La classe FrameTexteIcone hérite de JFrame et représente la fenêtre principale de l'application. Elle crée une interface graphique contenant un bouton composé d'un texte et d'une icône.
Le constructeur appelle la méthode init(), qui configure la fenêtre (titre, dimensions, position et fermeture) puis crée le bouton. Celui-ci est initialisé avec un texte, une icône récupérée grâce à UIManager, et quelques paramètres d'affichage afin de placer correctement le texte par rapport à l'icône.
Un listener est également associé au bouton pour réagir aux clics de l'utilisateur.
Enfin, la méthode basculerEtat() est appelée par le listener lorsqu'un clic est effectué. Elle inverse l'état de l'application et met à jour l'apparence du bouton en modifiant son texte et son icône afin de passer de Lecture à Pause et inversement.

89:T48e,import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; public class FrameTexteIcone extends JFrame { private JButton boutonLecture; private boolean enLecture = false; public FrameTexteIcone() { init(); } private void init() { setTitle("Famille : texte / icône"); setSize(300, 150); setDefaultCloseOperation(EXIT_ON_CLOSE); setLocationRelativeTo(null); boutonLecture = new JButton(new ToggleLectureAction(this)); boutonLecture.setHorizontalTextPosition(SwingConstants.RIGHT); boutonLecture.setIconTextGap(8); setLayout(new FlowLayout()); add(boutonLecture); setVisible(true); } // Méthode appelée par le listener pour basculer l'état visuel public void basculerEtat() { enLecture = !enLecture; // inverse l'état if (enLecture) { boutonLecture.setText("Pause"); boutonLecture.setIcon(UIManager.getIcon("Tree.leafIcon")); } else { boutonLecture.setText("Lecture"); boutonLecture.setIcon(UIManager.getIcon("Tree.openIcon")); } } }8a:T540,import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.ActionEvent; public class FrameTexteIcone extends JFrame { private JButton boutonLecture; private boolean enLecture = false; public FrameTexteIcone() { init(); } private void init() { setTitle("Famille : texte / icône"); setSize(300, 150); setDefaultCloseOperation(EXIT_ON_CLOSE); setLocationRelativeTo(null); boutonLecture = new JButton(new AbstractAction("Lecture") { @Override public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { basculerEtat(); } }); boutonLecture.setHorizontalTextPosition(SwingConstants.RIGHT); boutonLecture.setIconTextGap(8); setLayout(new FlowLayout()); add(boutonLecture); setVisible(true); } // Méthode appelée par le listener pour basculer l'état visuel public void basculerEtat() { enLecture = !enLecture; // inverse l'état if (enLecture) { boutonLecture.setText("Pause"); boutonLecture.setIcon(UIManager.getIcon("Tree.leafIcon")); } else { boutonLecture.setText("Lecture"); boutonLecture.setIcon(UIManager.getIcon("Tree.openIcon")); } } }8b:T4bc,

La différence entre les deux approches concerne principalement l'organisation du code. Avec une classe ToggleLectureAction séparée, l'action possède sa propre classe dédiée. Cela permet de mieux structurer l'application, de réutiliser cette action à plusieurs endroits et de faciliter son évolution si son comportement devient plus complexe.

Avec une classe anonyme créée directement dans le bouton, l'action est définie localement au moment où elle est utilisée. Cette approche est plus courte et convient aux actions simples qui ne seront utilisées qu'à un seul endroit, car elle évite de créer une classe supplémentaire.

On choisit donc une classe séparée lorsque l'action représente une fonctionnalité importante de l'application et qu'elle peut être réutilisée ou maintenue indépendamment. On choisit une classe anonyme lorsque l'action est courte, spécifique à un composant unique et qu'il n'est pas nécessaire de la réutiliser ailleurs.

8c:T504,

Ces deux méthodes viennent de Component (donc plus anciennes que JComponent), mais leur comportement est affiné par Swing via la notion d’opacité vue précédemment : sur certains composants, la couleur de fond ne s’affiche que si le composant est déclaré opaque.

Au-delà de l’aspect esthétique, la couleur porte le plus souvent une signification fonctionnelle dans une interface : le rouge signale une erreur ou un champ invalide, le vert une validation réussie, l’orange un avertissement, le gris clair un champ désactivé ou en lecture seule. Utiliser la couleur de façon cohérente et constante à travers toute l’application permet à l’utilisateur d’associer rapidement une couleur à un état, sans avoir à lire chaque message.

Il est également possible de s’appuyer sur les couleurs définies par le UIManager plutôt que sur des couleurs codées en dur, afin de rester cohérent avec le Look and Feel actif.

8d:T48e,

La classe FrameCouleurs hérite de JFrame et représente une fenêtre graphique Swing dédiée à la saisie et à la validation d'une adresse email.
Le constructeur appelle la méthode init(), qui configure la fenêtre (titre, taille, comportement à la fermeture et positionnement), puis crée les composants graphiques nécessaires. Un champ de texte (JTextField) permet à l'utilisateur de saisir son email et un DocumentListener est associé à son contenu afin de détecter les modifications et déclencher une validation lors de la saisie.
La fenêtre contient également un label dont la couleur du texte est modifiée avec setForeground(). Les composants sont ensuite regroupés dans un JPanel afin de les organiser dans la fenêtre.

8e:T104d,

Méthode	Effet
`createLineBorder(Color, épaisseur)`	Un contour uni d'une seule couleur
`createEtchedBorder()`	Un fin sillon gravé, en creux (deux liserés clair/foncé)
`createBevelBorder(BevelBorder.RAISED / LOWERED)`	Un effet 3D : le composant semble surélevé ou enfoncé
`createTitledBorder("Titre")`	Un contour avec un texte incrusté dans le bord supérieur
`createMatteBorder(haut, gauche, bas, droite, Color)`	Un contour épais, avec une épaisseur différente possible sur chaque côté
`createEmptyBorder(haut, gauche, bas, droite)`	Une bordure invisible : sert uniquement à ajouter de l'espace (l'équivalent d'un « padding »)
`createCompoundBorder(exterieure, interieure)`	Empile deux bordures l'une dans l'autre (très souvent une ligne + une bordure vide)

8f:T57e,import java.awt.BorderLayout; import java.awt.Color; import java.awt.GridLayout; import javax.swing.BorderFactory; import javax.swing.JLabel; import javax.swing.JPanel; import javax.swing.SwingConstants; public class DrawPanel extends JPanel { public DrawPanel() { setLayout(new GridLayout(2, 2, 15, 15)); // Bordure simple JLabel simple = new JLabel("LineBorder", SwingConstants.CENTER); simple.setBorder(BorderFactory.createLineBorder(Color.BLUE, 3)); // Bordure avec titre JLabel titre = new JLabel("TitledBorder", SwingConstants.CENTER); titre.setBorder(BorderFactory.createTitledBorder("Informations")); // Bordure vide JLabel vide = new JLabel("EmptyBorder", SwingConstants.CENTER); vide.setBorder(BorderFactory.createEmptyBorder(20, 20, 20, 20)); // Bordure composée JLabel composee = new JLabel("CompoundBorder", SwingConstants.CENTER); composee.setBorder( BorderFactory.createCompoundBorder( BorderFactory.createLineBorder(Color.RED, 2), BorderFactory.createEmptyBorder(15, 15, 15, 15) ) ); add(simple); add(titre); add(vide); add(composee); setBorder(BorderFactory.createEmptyBorder(20, 20, 20, 20)); } }90:T68f,

La classe DrawPanel montre la personnalisation de composants Swing avec BorderFactory. Contrairement aux exemples utilisant paintComponent, on ne dessine pas directement : on modifie simplement l'apparence des composants existants.

Le panneau utilise un GridLayout pour organiser quatre JLabel dans une grille de 2 lignes et 2 colonnes. Chaque label reçoit ensuite une bordure différente grâce à la méthode setBorder.
Le premier exemple utilise une LineBorder, qui ajoute un contour bleu autour du composant.
Le deuxième utilise une TitledBorder, qui ajoute une bordure avec un titre.
Le troisième utilise une EmptyBorder, une bordure invisible servant uniquement à ajouter des marges internes.
Enfin, la CompoundBorder permet de combiner plusieurs bordures : ici, une bordure rouge visible avec une marge intérieure. Une dernière EmptyBorder est appliquée au panneau pour ajouter un espace entre les composants et les bords de la fenêtre.

Cet exemple montre comment personnaliser facilement l'apparence des composants Swing sans avoir besoin de redéfinir leur dessin.

91:T58a,

setFont prend un objet Font, généralement défini par trois caractéristiques : la famille (nom de la police), le style (normal, gras, italique, ou une combinaison des deux) et la taille.

Deux précisions importantes à ce stade :

Il existe une distinction entre polices logiques (des noms génériques comme Serif, SansSerif, Monospaced, garantis disponibles sur toute machine Java) et polices physiques (des polices réelles installées sur le système, comme Arial ou Calibri), ces dernières pouvant être remplacées si elles sont absentes sans que vous vous en rendiez-compte.
Il est possible de dériver une police existante, conserver sa famille tout en modifiant uniquement son style ou sa taille plutôt que de recréer entièrement un nouvel objet Font à chaque fois.

La police joue un rôle de hiérarchie visuelle : distinguer un titre d’un label secondaire, ou une donnée importante d’une information accessoire, se fait autant par la taille que par le style.

92:T48d,

La classe FramePolice hérite de JFrame et représente une fenêtre Swing dédiée à la gestion de l'affichage de textes avec différentes polices.
Le constructeur initialise l'interface en appelant la méthode init(), puis rend la fenêtre visible avec setVisible(true). La méthode init() configure les propriétés principales de la fenêtre (titre, taille, fermeture et position) et définit un gestionnaire de disposition vertical (BoxLayout) afin d'organiser les composants les uns sous les autres.
Deux labels sont ensuite créés grâce aux méthodes de la classe utilitaire FontUtils, qui permettent d'appliquer des styles de police différents (par exemple un titre et un sous-titre). Ces composants sont ajoutés à la fenêtre.

93:T498,import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; public class FrameActivation extends JFrame { private JTextField champNom; private JTextField champPrenom; private JButton boutonEnvoyer; public FrameActivation() { init(); setVisible(true); } private void init() { setTitle("Famille : activation"); setSize(300, 180); setDefaultCloseOperation(EXIT_ON_CLOSE); setLocationRelativeTo(null); setLayout(new GridLayout(3, 2, 5, 5)); champNom = new JTextField(); champPrenom = new JTextField(); boutonEnvoyer = new JButton("Envoyer"); boutonEnvoyer.setEnabled(false); // désactivé tant que le formulaire est incomplet ChampObligatoireListener listener = new ChampObligatoireListener(champNom, champPrenom, boutonEnvoyer); champNom.getDocument().addDocumentListener(listener); champPrenom.getDocument().addDocumentListener(listener); add(new JLabel("Nom :")); add(champNom); add(new JLabel("Prénom :")); add(champPrenom); add(new JLabel()); add(boutonEnvoyer); } }94:T4d1,

La classe FrameActivation hérite de JFrame et représente une fenêtre Swing contenant un formulaire d'activation avec deux champs de saisie et un bouton d'envoi.
Le constructeur appelle la méthode init(), qui configure la fenêtre (titre, taille, fermeture, position et organisation des composants). La fenêtre utilise un GridLayout afin de disposer les éléments du formulaire sous forme de grille avec des lignes et des colonnes.
Deux champs de texte permettent à l'utilisateur de saisir un nom et un prénom. Le bouton Envoyer est initialement désactivé, car le formulaire doit être complété avant de pouvoir être utilisé. Un DocumentListener est associé aux champs afin de surveiller leurs modifications et de mettre à jour l'état du bouton lorsque les informations nécessaires sont renseignées.

95:T533,

La classe ChampObligatoireListener implémente l'interface DocumentListener afin de surveiller les modifications effectuées dans les champs de saisie du formulaire. Elle conserve des références vers les deux champs obligatoires (champNom et champPrenom) ainsi que vers le bouton d'envoi. Ces éléments sont transmis lors de la création du listener grâce au constructeur.
La méthode verifier() contrôle si les deux champs contiennent une valeur non vide. Si le formulaire est complet, le bouton est activé ; sinon, il reste désactivé. Les trois méthodes héritées de DocumentListener (insertUpdate, removeUpdate et changedUpdate) appellent cette vérification lorsqu'une modification du texte est détectée.

Cette classe permet donc de séparer la logique de contrôle du formulaire de l'interface graphique : la fenêtre gère l'affichage des composants, tandis que le listener gère l'activation automatique du bouton selon l'état des champs.

96:T5c6,import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; public class FrameVisibilite extends JFrame { private JCheckBox caseAutreAdresse; private JPanel panelAdresseLivraison; public FrameVisibilite() { init(); setVisible(true); } private void init() { setTitle("Famille : visibilité"); setSize(320, 220); setDefaultCloseOperation(EXIT_ON_CLOSE); setLocationRelativeTo(null); setLayout(new BoxLayout(getContentPane(), BoxLayout.Y_AXIS)); caseAutreAdresse = new JCheckBox("Livrer à une autre adresse"); panelAdresseLivraison = creerPanelAdresse(); panelAdresseLivraison.setVisible(false); // masqué par défaut caseAutreAdresse.addActionListener(new AfficherAdresseListener(this)); add(caseAutreAdresse); add(panelAdresseLivraison); } private JPanel creerPanelAdresse() { JPanel panel = new JPanel(new GridLayout(2, 2, 5, 5)); panel.setBorder(BorderFactory.createTitledBorder("Adresse de livraison")); panel.add(new JLabel("Rue :")); panel.add(new JTextField()); panel.add(new JLabel("Ville :")); panel.add(new JTextField()); return panel; } // Méthode exposée pour le listener public void basculerAffichageAdresse() { panelAdresseLivraison.setVisible(caseAutreAdresse.isSelected()); revalidate(); repaint(); } }97:T58e,

La classe FrameVisibilite hérite de JFrame et représente une fenêtre Swing permettant d'afficher ou de masquer dynamiquement une partie de l'interface selon une action de l'utilisateur.
Le constructeur appelle la méthode init(), qui configure la fenêtre (titre, taille, fermeture, position et organisation des composants). La fenêtre utilise un BoxLayout afin d'organiser les éléments verticalement. Une case à cocher (JCheckBox) permet à l'utilisateur d'indiquer s'il souhaite utiliser une autre adresse de livraison. Un panneau contenant les champs d'adresse est créé puis rendu invisible au démarrage. Un ActionListener est associé à la case à cocher afin de réagir à son changement d'état.
La méthode basculerAffichageAdresse() permet au listener de modifier la visibilité du panneau en fonction de l'état de la case. Les appels à revalidate() et repaint() permettent ensuite de mettre à jour l'affichage de la fenêtre après la modification.

98:T4c5,

La classe FrameInfoBulle hérite de JFrame et représente une fenêtre Swing permettant d'illustrer l'utilisation des info-bulles (ToolTip) sur des composants graphiques.
Le constructeur initialise l'interface avec la méthode init() puis affiche la fenêtre. La méthode init() configure les propriétés principales de la fenêtre (titre, taille, fermeture, position et organisation des composants). Un champ de texte est créé pour saisir une date de naissance et une info-bulle lui est associée afin d'indiquer le format attendu. Un bouton de suppression possède également une info-bulle permettant de préciser le comportement de l'action avant son utilisation.

Cette classe montre donc comment ajouter des informations contextuelles aux composants Swing grâce aux info-bulles, afin d'améliorer la compréhension de l'interface par l'utilisateur.

99:T4ec,

Ces deux méthodes n’agissent pas sur le même plan.

Le curseur (setCursor) est un retour visuel d’interaction : il indique implicitement à l’utilisateur la nature de l’action possible sous le pointeur (main pour un lien cliquable, curseur texte pour une zone de saisie, sablier ou roue pour une opération en cours).
La taille préférée (setPreferredSize) est en revanche une contrainte transmise au gestionnaire de disposition (LayoutManager). Il s’agit d’une simple indication, pas d’une garantie absolue : certains gestionnaires la respectent scrupuleusement, d’autres l’ignorent totalement selon leur propre logique de calcul. Cette méthode doit être utilisée avec parcimonie, car elle peut aller à l’encontre du principe même des gestionnaires de disposition, qui sont justement conçus pour adapter automatiquement la taille des composants au contexte (redimensionnement de fenêtre, changement de police système, etc.).

9a:T518,

La classe FrameCurseur hérite de JFrame et représente une fenêtre Swing permettant d'illustrer la gestion de la taille préférée des composants et la modification du curseur de la souris.
Le constructeur initialise l'interface avec la méthode init() puis affiche la fenêtre. La méthode init() configure les propriétés principales de la fenêtre (titre, taille, fermeture, position et organisation des composants).
Un panneau (JPanel) est créé avec une couleur de fond et une taille préférée définie grâce à setPreferredSize(), afin de contrôler son dimensionnement lors de son affichage. Un label représentant un lien est également ajouté : sa couleur est modifiée pour rappeler un lien web et le curseur de la souris est changé en curseur en forme de main grâce à setCursor(), afin de fournir un retour visuel à l'utilisateur.

9b:T194f,

Famille de personnalisation	Méthodes principales	Objectif
Texte et icônes	`setText()`, `setIcon()`, `setHorizontalTextPosition()`, `setIconTextGap()`	Modifier le contenu affiché et la disposition du texte et des icônes.
Couleurs	`setForeground()`, `setBackground()`	Adapter les couleurs afin de mettre en évidence des informations ou des états.
Police	`setFont()`	Définir le style, la taille et la hiérarchie visuelle des textes.
Activation	`setEnabled()`	Activer ou désactiver un composant selon le contexte.
Visibilité	`setVisible()`	Afficher ou masquer dynamiquement des composants.
Info-bulles	`setToolTipText()`	Fournir une aide contextuelle au survol d'un composant.
Curseur	`setCursor()`	Modifier le curseur pour indiquer une interaction possible.
Taille préférée	`setPreferredSize()`	Suggérer une taille au gestionnaire de disposition.
Évènements associés	`ActionListener`, `DocumentListener`, `AbstractAction`	Réagir aux interactions utilisateur et mettre à jour l'interface.

À ce stade, vous maîtrisez les principales méthodes de personnalisation héritées de JComponent ainsi que leur utilisation conjointe avec les mécanismes d'évènements de Swing. Vous êtes désormais capable de créer des interfaces plus ergonomiques, dynamiques et réactives. Le chapitre suivant s'intéresse à la personnalisation avancée, où nous verrons comment créer des rendus graphiques personnalisés en dessinant directement les composants avec paintComponent() et Graphics2D.

9c:T464,

Le résultat de ce code sera un panneau avec un fond cyan et une bordure noire.

Imaginons maintenant que l'on souhaite obtenir ce genre de type d'affichage :

un cercle rouge ;
une jauge de progression circulaire ;
un graphique ;
un damier ;
un radar ;
une mini-carte ;
un personnage dans un jeu.

Aucune méthode comme setBackground() ou setForeground() ne permet cela.

En effet, ces méthodes ne font que modifier les paramètres d'un dessin déjà prévu par Swing.

9d:T774,

Cette technique est également utilisée lorsque l'on souhaite modifier profondément l'apparence d'un composant existant. Au lieu de se limiter à changer sa couleur, sa police ou son icône, il devient possible de contrôler précisément la manière dont il est dessiné : formes arrondies, effets d'ombre, dégradés, dessins vectoriels ou encore éléments entièrement personnalisés.

Le dessin personnalisé constitue également la base de nombreux domaines du développement graphique. Les logiciels de dessin, les éditeurs de cartes, les jeux vidéo en 2D, les applications de visualisation de données ou encore certains logiciels de modélisation reposent largement sur cette approche. Dans ces applications, l'interface n'est plus uniquement composée de composants Swing classiques : elle devient une véritable surface de dessin sur laquelle le programme affiche lui-même les éléments graphiques nécessaires.

Il est important de comprendre que cette approche ne remplace pas les composants Swing traditionnels. Au contraire, elle vient les compléter.

Une application combine généralement les deux :

les composants standards sont utilisés pour les éléments d'interface (boutons, menus, champs de saisie, listes...)
tandis que le dessin personnalisé est réservé aux zones nécessitant un rendu graphique spécifique.

Dans ce chapitre, nous découvrirons comment Swing permet de réaliser ce dessin personnalisé grâce à son système de peinture. Nous verrons comment une fenêtre ou un composant peut devenir une véritable surface graphique sur laquelle il est possible de dessiner librement à l'aide des outils fournis par Java.

9e:T59f,

Le développeur n'appelle jamais directement paintComponent().

Cette méthode est invoquée automatiquement par Swing lorsqu'un composant doit être redessiné.

lors de la création de la fenêtre ;
lorsqu'une fenêtre est déplacée ;
lorsqu'elle est redimensionnée ;
lorsqu'elle est restaurée après avoir été masquée ;
lorsqu'un autre composant cesse de la recouvrir ;
lorsqu'une modification de l'interface nécessite un nouveau rendu ;
lorsqu'une demande de rafraîchissement est effectuée.

Le développeur décrit uniquement comment le composant doit être dessiné ; Swing décide quand ce dessin doit être exécuté. Cette séparation est fondamentale : le programme ne contrôle pas directement le moment où le dessin est réalisé.

9f:Tb9f,

Chaque élément possède un rôle précis.

@Override indique que la méthode redéfinit une méthode héritée de JComponent. Cette annotation permet également au compilateur de vérifier que la signature est correcte.
protected signifie que la méthode est accessible à la classe elle-même ainsi qu'à ses sous-classes. Ce niveau de visibilité permet à Swing de l'appeler tout en évitant qu'elle soit invoquée librement depuis n'importe quelle autre classe.
void indique que la méthode ne renvoie aucune valeur. Son objectif est uniquement de réaliser le dessin demandé.
paintComponent est le nom imposé par Swing. Pour redéfinir le comportement de dessin d'un composant, ce nom doit être respecté exactement.
Graphics g représente le contexte graphique fourni par Swing. Cet objet constitue la « boîte à outils » utilisée pour dessiner. Il permet notamment de tracer des lignes, des formes géométriques, du texte, des images ou encore de modifier les couleurs utilisées pendant le dessin.

Le paramètre Graphics est fourni automatiquement par Swing à chaque appel de paintComponent(). Il représente une surface de dessin associée au composant en cours de rendu. On peut l'imaginer comme un pinceau numérique permettant de dessiner directement sur le composant. Grâce à cet objet, le programme peut :

choisir une couleur ;
dessiner des lignes ;
dessiner des rectangles ;
dessiner des cercles et des ellipses ;
écrire du texte ;
afficher des images ;
remplir des formes géométriques.

Le développeur ne crée généralement jamais cet objet lui-même. Il est préparé par Swing avant chaque opération de dessin puis transmis à la méthode.

a0:T4ad,

Dans la plupart des cas, la première instruction de la méthode consiste à appeler la version héritée : super.paintComponent(g);

Cet appel demande à JComponent d'effectuer le dessin de base du composant avant d'ajouter le dessin personnalisé. Concrètement, cette opération permet notamment :

d'effacer le contenu précédent ;
de remplir correctement le fond du composant ;
de préparer une nouvelle surface de dessin propre ;
de conserver le comportement normal de Swing.

Si cet appel est oublié, des artefacts graphiques peuvent apparaître, comme des dessins qui se superposent, des traces laissées lors des déplacements de la fenêtre ou des zones qui ne sont plus correctement rafraîchies.

Dans la très grande majorité des cas, cet appel est donc indispensable.

a1:T429,

La classe étend JFrame, donc elle est la fenêtre d'où les appels à setTitle, setSize… sans préfixe : ce sont ses propres méthodes héritées.
Le constructeur appelle init(), qui regroupe toute la configuration. Ce n'est pas obligatoire, mais ça garde le constructeur lisible et ça donne un endroit unique où chercher les réglages de la fenêtre.
Pourquoi ne pas dessiner directement dans la JFrame ?
Parce qu'une fenêtre est un empilement de couches internes (barre de titre, panneau de contenu…). Y peindre donne des coordonnées décalées et des dessins masqués. La JFrame est un contenant ; le dessin se fait dans un composant qu'on met dedans.

a2:T6e7,a3:T1144,

Pour chaque forme, il existe en général deux méthodes symétriques : draw... dessine uniquement le contour, fill... dessine la forme remplie avec la couleur courante.

Méthode	Paramètres	Effet
`drawLine`	`(x1, y1, x2, y2)`	Trace une ligne entre deux points
`drawRect` / `fillRect`	`(x, y, largeur, hauteur)`	Rectangle dont le coin haut-gauche est en (x, y)
`drawOval` / `fillOval`	`(x, y, largeur, hauteur)`	Ellipse inscrite dans ce rectangle. Cercle si largeur = hauteur
`drawArc` / `fillArc`	`(x, y, largeur, hauteur, angleDébut, angleÉtendue)`	Portion d'ellipse, angles en degrés (0° = à droite, sens antihoraire)
`drawPolygon` / `fillPolygon`	`(int[] xs, int[] ys, nbPoints)`	Polygone fermé défini par une liste de points

a4:T603,

Cet exemple montre comment combiner plusieurs méthodes de la classe Graphics pour dessiner un smiley dans un panneau Swing.

La classe Smiley hérite de JPanel et redéfinit la méthode paintComponent(Graphics g). Comme toujours, l'appel à super.paintComponent(g) est placé au début afin d'effacer correctement l'ancien contenu avant de dessiner.
Le visage est créé avec fillOval(), qui dessine un grand cercle jaune. Ensuite, drawOval() ajoute un contour noir pour mieux délimiter le visage.
Les deux yeux sont représentés par deux petits cercles noirs, dessinés grâce à deux appels à fillOval().
Enfin, la bouche est réalisée avec drawArc(), qui permet de tracer uniquement une partie d'une ellipse. En choisissant les bons angles, on obtient un sourire.
La méthode main crée une fenêtre (JFrame), y ajoute le panneau Smiley, définit sa taille, la centre à l'écran puis l'affiche.

a5:T552,

La classe MainFrame hérite de JFrame. Elle représente la fenêtre principale de l'application et se charge de sa configuration.

Dans son constructeur :

le titre de la fenêtre est défini avec setTitle();
sa taille est fixée à 500 × 250 pixels grâce à setSize();
setLocationRelativeTo(null) permet de centrer la fenêtre sur l'écran ;
setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE) ferme complètement l'application lorsque l'utilisateur ferme la fenêtre ;
add(new DrawPanel()) ajoute le panneau chargé de réaliser les dessins ;
enfin, setVisible(true) affiche la fenêtre.

Cette classe ne dessine rien elle-même : son rôle est uniquement de créer et de préparer la fenêtre.

a6:T5fe,

La classe MainFrame hérite de JFrame. Elle représente la fenêtre principale de l'application et s'occupe uniquement de sa configuration.

Dans son constructeur, la fenêtre est créée puis paramétrée :

setTitle() permet de définir le titre affiché dans la barre de la fenêtre ;
setSize() fixe la largeur et la hauteur de la fenêtre ;
setLocationRelativeTo(null) centre la fenêtre automatiquement sur l'écran ;
setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE) permet de fermer correctement l'application lorsque l'utilisateur ferme la fenêtre ;
add(new DrawPanel()) ajoute le panneau personnalisé dans la fenêtre. C'est ce panneau qui sera chargé d'afficher l'image ;
setVisible(true) rend la fenêtre visible.

Cette classe ne contient aucune logique de dessin. Son rôle est uniquement de préparer la fenêtre et d'intégrer le composant graphique.

a7:T499,import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; public class Compteur extends JPanel { private int valeur = 0; // la donnée initiale public void incrementer() { valeur++; repaint(); // sans cette ligne, l'écran ne se mettrait jamais à jour ! } @Override protected void paintComponent(Graphics g) { super.paintComponent(g); g.setFont(new Font("SansSerif", Font.BOLD, 32)); g.drawString("Valeur : " + valeur, 30, 60); } public static void main(String[] args) { SwingUtilities.invokeLater(() -> { JFrame frame = new JFrame("Compteur"); frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE); Compteur panneau = new Compteur(); JButton bouton = new JButton("+1"); bouton.addActionListener(e -> panneau.incrementer()); frame.setLayout(new BorderLayout()); frame.add(panneau, BorderLayout.CENTER); frame.add(bouton, BorderLayout.SOUTH); frame.setSize(280, 200); frame.setLocationRelativeTo(null); frame.setVisible(true); }); } }a8:T7a8,

Ce programme montre comment mettre à jour un dessin en fonction de l'état d'une application. Ici, la valeur d'un compteur est affichée dans le panneau et évolue à chaque clic sur un bouton.

Le fonctionnement est le suivant :

Une variable d'instance valeur est déclarée et initialisée à 0. Elle représente la donnée qui sera affichée dans le panneau.
La méthode paintComponent(Graphics g) est responsable de l'affichage du compteur. À chaque appel, elle dessine le texte "Valeur : X", où X correspond à la valeur actuelle de la variable valeur.
Avant d'afficher le texte, la méthode setFont() modifie la police afin que le compteur soit plus lisible grâce à une taille plus importante et un style en gras.
Lorsque l'utilisateur clique sur le bouton +1, la méthode incrementer() est exécutée. Cette méthode commence par incrémenter la variable valeur grâce à l'instruction valeur++. La donnée affichée est donc mise à jour.
Après cette modification, la méthode repaint() est appelée. Elle ne redessine pas immédiatement le panneau, mais demande à Swing de programmer un nouveau dessin dès que possible.
Swing rappelle alors automatiquement paintComponent(Graphics g), qui relit la nouvelle valeur de valeur et affiche le texte mis à jour.

a9:T13f1,

Erreur	Conséquence	Solution
Oublier `super.paintComponent(g)`	Traînées visuelles, fond mal effacé	Toujours l'appeler en première ligne de la méthode
Créer soi-même un `Graphics` avec `new`	Impossible : le constructeur n'est pas accessible ainsi	Utiliser uniquement l'objet reçu en paramètre de `paintComponent`
Modifier une donnée sans appeler `repaint()`	L'écran ne se met jamais à jour	Toujours appeler `repaint()` juste après avoir changé la donnée affichée
Appeler `paintComponent(g)` soi-même directement	Fonctionnement imprévisible, va à l'encontre du système de Swing	Toujours passer par `repaint()`, jamais d'appel direct
Confondre (x, y) de `drawString` avec ceux des formes	Texte mal positionné ou invisible	Se souvenir que (x, y) est la ligne de base du texte, pas le coin haut-gauche
Faire un calcul long dans `paintComponent`	Interface qui « rame » ou se fige	Précalculer les données à l'avance, ne faire que du dessin dans cette méthode

aa:T2745,ab:T7d6,

Pour personnaliser son affichage, la classe redéfinit la méthode paintComponent. Cette méthode est appelée automatiquement par Swing lorsqu'il doit afficher ou actualiser le contenu du panneau. C'est dans cette méthode que l'on place toutes les instructions de dessin.

La première étape consiste à appeler super.paintComponent(g). Cette instruction permet de nettoyer correctement le panneau avant de redessiner son contenu. Elle évite notamment les anciens dessins qui pourraient rester affichés lors des mises à jour de l'interface.
L'objet Graphics fourni par Swing représente l'outil de dessin. Dans cet exemple, il est converti en Graphics2D afin d'utiliser des fonctionnalités plus avancées, comme l'amélioration de la qualité du rendu avec l'anticrénelage.
Le premier cercle est dessiné en rouge avec la méthode drawOval. Cette méthode permet de tracer une ellipse à partir d'une position et de dimensions données. Comme la largeur et la hauteur sont identiques, l'ellipse obtenue est un cercle.
Ensuite, l'anticrénelage est activé grâce aux RenderingHints. Cette option permet d'obtenir des contours plus lisses en réduisant l'effet de pixels visibles sur les formes courbes. Le deuxième cercle, dessiné en bleu, utilise donc un rendu plus propre que le premier.
Enfin, la méthode drawString permet d'ajouter une légende sous chaque cercle afin d'indiquer la différence entre un dessin classique et un dessin avec anticrénelage.

ac:Tb4c,

Dans cet exemple, la classe DrawPanel est toujours utilisée comme une zone de dessin personnalisée. Elle hérite de JPanel et redéfinit la méthode paintComponent afin de contrôler ce qui est affiché à l'intérieur du panneau.

La méthode paintComponent est appelée automatiquement par Swing lors du rendu du composant. La première instruction, super.paintComponent(g), permet de nettoyer correctement la zone de dessin avant d'afficher les nouveaux éléments. Cette étape évite les problèmes d'affichage lorsque le composant est redessiné. L'objet Graphics fourni par Swing est ensuite converti en Graphics2D. Cette version plus avancée permet d'accéder à des options supplémentaires, notamment la gestion précise de l'épaisseur, du style et de l'apparence des traits.

Dans cet exemple, on utilise la classe BasicStroke pour modifier le style des lignes.

Un Stroke représente la manière dont un trait est dessiné : son épaisseur, ses extrémités ou encore son motif.

Le premier trait est un trait classique noir. L'épaisseur est définie avec new BasicStroke(2), ce qui correspond à une ligne de 2 pixels. La méthode drawLine permet ensuite de tracer une ligne entre deux points définis par leurs coordonnées.
Le deuxième trait utilise une épaisseur plus importante grâce à new BasicStroke(8). La ligne rouge apparaît donc plus large que la première. Modifier l'épaisseur des traits est utile pour réaliser des graphiques, des schémas ou des interfaces de dessin.
Le dernier exemple montre la création d'une ligne en pointillés. Pour cela, un tableau de valeurs indique le motif à appliquer : une longueur de trait, puis une longueur d'espace vide. Ici, le motif alterne donc des segments de 10 pixels et des espaces de 10 pixels.

La création du BasicStroke est plus détaillée car plusieurs paramètres sont utilisés. On définit notamment la forme des extrémités avec CAP_BUTT et la manière dont les jonctions sont réalisées avec JOIN_MITER. Ces options permettent de contrôler précisément l'apparence des traits.

Cet exemple montre que Graphics2D permet d'aller plus loin que de simples dessins de formes. Il offre un contrôle avancé sur le rendu graphique, notamment sur les couleurs, l'épaisseur et le style des tracés, ce qui est essentiel pour créer des composants graphiques personnalisés.

ad:T68a,

Dans cet exemple, la classe DrawPanel utilise Graphics2D pour réaliser des dessins avec des effets de dégradés. Comme précédemment, elle hérite de JPanel et redéfinit la méthode paintComponent afin de personnaliser l'affichage du panneau.

La méthode commence par appeler super.paintComponent(g) pour nettoyer la zone de dessin avant chaque affichage. L'objet Graphics fourni par Swing est ensuite converti en Graphics2D afin d'utiliser des fonctionnalités graphiques avancées.

La classe GradientPaint permet de créer un dégradé entre deux couleurs. Elle prend comme paramètres le point de départ, la couleur de départ, le point d'arrivée et la couleur finale. Java calcule ensuite automatiquement la transition progressive entre les deux couleurs.

Le premier dégradé est horizontal : il va du bleu vers le blanc. Il est appliqué au rectangle grâce à setPaint, puis dessiné avec fillRect, qui permet de remplir une forme avec la peinture définie.
Le second dégradé est vertical : il passe du rouge vers le jaune. Cette fois, le dégradé est appliqué à une ellipse grâce à fillOval.

Cet exemple montre que Graphics2D ne permet pas seulement de tracer des formes, mais aussi de modifier leur remplissage avec des effets visuels comme les dégradés.

ae:T54f,import java.awt.Color; import java.awt.Graphics; import java.awt.Graphics2D; import java.awt.geom.Ellipse2D; import java.awt.geom.Line2D; import java.awt.geom.Rectangle2D; import java.awt.geom.RoundRectangle2D; import javax.swing.JPanel; public class DrawPanel extends JPanel { @Override protected void paintComponent(Graphics g) { super.paintComponent(g); Graphics2D g2 = (Graphics2D) g; // Rectangle avec des coordonnées double Rectangle2D rectangle = new Rectangle2D.Double( 50.5, 50.5, 150.8, 80.2 ); g2.setColor(Color.BLUE); g2.fill(rectangle); // Ellipse Ellipse2D cercle = new Ellipse2D.Double( 250.5, 50.5, 100.5, 100.5 ); g2.setColor(Color.RED); g2.fill(cercle); // Ligne Line2D ligne = new Line2D.Double( 50.0, 200.0, 400.0, 200.0 ); g2.setColor(Color.BLACK); g2.draw(ligne); // Rectangle arrondi RoundRectangle2D arrondi = new RoundRectangle2D.Double( 150.5, 230.5, 200.0, 50.0, 20.0, 20.0 ); g2.setColor(Color.GREEN); g2.fill(arrondi); } }af:T93a,

Dans cet exemple, la classe DrawPanel montre l'utilisation des formes géométriques avancées de Graphics2D. Elle hérite de JPanel et redéfinit paintComponent pour dessiner directement dans la zone du panneau. Comme dans les exemples précédents, la méthode commence par super.paintComponent(g) afin de nettoyer la zone de dessin avant chaque affichage. L'objet Graphics est ensuite converti en Graphics2D pour accéder aux classes de formes plus précises.

Les classes du package java.awt.geom permettent de créer des formes avec des coordonnées plus précises que les méthodes classiques de Graphics. Contrairement aux anciennes méthodes comme drawRect ou drawOval qui utilisent des entiers, ces classes acceptent des valeurs décimales (double), ce qui offre un meilleur contrôle du positionnement.

Rectangle2D permet de créer un rectangle. Ici, un rectangle bleu est créé avec des coordonnées décimales puis rempli avec fill, qui applique la couleur à l'intérieur de la forme.
Ellipse2D permet de représenter une ellipse ou un cercle. Comme la largeur et la hauteur sont identiques, la forme obtenue est un cercle rouge.
Line2D représente une ligne entre deux points. Contrairement aux autres formes, une ligne n'a pas de surface à remplir : elle est donc dessinée avec draw.
Enfin, RoundRectangle2D permet de créer un rectangle avec des coins arrondis. Les deux derniers paramètres définissent le rayon d'arrondi des coins, ici utilisé pour obtenir un rectangle vert aux bords arrondis.

Cet exemple montre l'intérêt des classes géométriques de java.awt.geom : elles offrent des formes plus flexibles, plus précises et mieux adaptées aux dessins complexes réalisés avec Graphics2D.

b0:T513,import java.awt.Color; import java.awt.Graphics; import java.awt.Graphics2D; import java.awt.geom.Rectangle2D; import java.awt.geom.AffineTransform; import javax.swing.JPanel; public class DrawPanel extends JPanel { @Override protected void paintComponent(Graphics g) { super.paintComponent(g); Graphics2D g2 = (Graphics2D) g; Rectangle2D rectangle = new Rectangle2D.Double( 0, 0, 100, 60 ); // Dessin normal g2.setColor(Color.BLUE); g2.draw(rectangle); /* * Sauvegarde de la transformation actuelle */ AffineTransform ancienne = g2.getTransform(); // Déplacement g2.translate(150, 80); g2.setColor(Color.RED); g2.fill(rectangle); /* * Restauration du repère initial */ g2.setTransform(ancienne); // Rotation g2.rotate(Math.toRadians(45), 300, 150); g2.setColor(Color.GREEN); g2.fill(rectangle); // Nouvelle restauration g2.setTransform(ancienne); // Agrandissement g2.translate(100, 220); g2.scale(2, 2); g2.setColor(Color.ORANGE); g2.fill(rectangle); } }b1:T8f3,

Dans cet exemple, la classe DrawPanel présente les transformations graphiques disponibles avec Graphics2D. Elle montre comment déplacer, faire pivoter ou redimensionner une forme sans modifier directement ses coordonnées. Comme dans les exemples précédents, la méthode paintComponent commence par appeler super.paintComponent(g) afin de nettoyer la zone de dessin. L'objet Graphics est ensuite converti en Graphics2D pour accéder aux transformations avancées.

Le rectangle utilisé comme base est créé avec Rectangle2D. Il est défini une seule fois, puis réutilisé avec différentes transformations. Cela permet de modifier son affichage sans recréer plusieurs formes différentes.

Le premier dessin correspond au rectangle original. Il est simplement affiché en bleu avec draw, sans aucune transformation appliquée. La classe AffineTransform permet de sauvegarder l'état actuel du repère graphique.

La méthode getTransform() récupère la transformation en cours, tandis que setTransform() permet ensuite de revenir à cet état initial. Cette restauration est importante pour éviter que les transformations s'appliquent aux dessins suivants.
La méthode translate permet de déplacer le repère de dessin. Ici, le rectangle est déplacé puis affiché en rouge. Le rectangle lui-même garde les mêmes coordonnées, mais tout le système de coordonnées est décalé.
La méthode rotate permet d'effectuer une rotation autour d'un point donné. Dans l'exemple, le rectangle vert est tourné de 45 degrés autour du point indiqué.
Enfin, la méthode scale permet de modifier la taille du dessin. Avec scale(2, 2), le rectangle orange est agrandi deux fois horizontalement et verticalement.

b2:T63f,

Maîtriser un seul LayoutManager ne suffit pas pour concevoir des interfaces graphiques complètes et ergonomiques.

Chaque gestionnaire répond à des besoins de disposition différents :

une organisation linéaire avec FlowLayout,
une structuration en zones avec BorderLayout,
une grille avec GridLayout
ou encore une organisation plus fine avec GridBagLayout.

Dans une interface réelle, les composants sont rarement organisés selon une seule logique. Il est donc nécessaire de savoir choisir, configurer et combiner plusieurs LayoutManager, notamment en imbriquant différents JPanel, afin de construire des interfaces structurées et adaptables au redimensionnement. Mais la disposition des composants ne constitue qu'une partie d'une interface Swing. Une application complète doit également permettre à l'utilisateur d'accéder aux fonctionnalités de l'application et de les déclencher facilement. C'est notamment le rôle des menus, des barres de menus et des différentes actions associées.

b3:T624,import java.awt.BorderLayout; import java.awt.GridLayout; //... Les autres import sont volontairement retirés pour alléger le code public class MyFrame extends JFrame { public MyFrame() { init(); setVisible(true); } public void init() { setTitle("Exemple sans menu"); setSize(800, 300); setLocationRelativeTo(null); setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE); initMainPanel(); } public void initMainPanel() { JTextArea zoneTexte = new JTextArea("Tapez votre texte ici..."); add(new JScrollPane(zoneTexte), BorderLayout.CENTER); JPanel panneauBoutons = new JPanel(); panneauBoutons.setLayout(new GridLayout(2, 5, 5, 5)); // Grille de 2 lignes, 5 colonnes // Actions pour les fichiers panneauBoutons.add(new JButton("Nouveau")); panneauBoutons.add(new JButton("Ouvrir")); panneauBoutons.add(new JButton("Enregistrer")); // Actions pour l'édition panneauBoutons.add(new JButton("Copier")); panneauBoutons.add(new JButton("Coller")); panneauBoutons.add(new JButton("Couper")); // Options de config et d'affichage panneauBoutons.add(new JButton("Activer Grille")); panneauBoutons.add(new JButton("Mode Sombre")); // Actions d'aide panneauBoutons.add(new JButton("À propos")); panneauBoutons.add(new JButton("Quitter")); add(panneauBoutons, BorderLayout.SOUTH); } } b4:T5af,

À la lecture de cet exemple et au rendu visuel de la fenêtre, plusieurs caractéristiques sautent immédiatement aux yeux concernant l'organisation de l'interface :

L'occupation de l'espace utile
Le panneau inférieur contenant les dix boutons occupe une place fixe et permanente sur l'écran. Cet espace est mobilisé en continu, ce qui réduit proportionnellement la surface verticale allouée à la zone de saisie de texte principale.
La disposition à plat des commandes
Toutes les actions de l'application sont visibles simultanément au même niveau. Les commandes de gestion de fichiers (Nouveau, Ouvrir), les outils d'édition (Copier, Coller) et les options de configuration (Mode Sombre) partagent une taille et un positionnement identiques au sein de la grille.
La charge visuelle
L'accumulation de dix étiquettes textuelles distinctes dans un seul bloc crée une zone dense d'informations en bas de la fenêtre. L'utilisateur doit scanner l'ensemble des boutons alignés pour identifier l'action précise qu'il souhaite déclencher.

b5:T497,

En conclusion, cet exemple illustre parfaitement les limites d'une interface "à plat" et met en lumière la nécessité absolue des menus dans la conception d'interfaces modernes. Ce cas d'étude démontre que vouloir tout afficher en même temps s'avère rapidement contre-productif :

l'espace de travail est sacrifié,
la hiérarchie des commandes est inexistante
et l'utilisateur subit une surcharge cognitive.

C'est précisément pour résoudre ces trois défis préservation de l'espace, hiérarchisation de l'information et réduction de la charge mentale que les concepteurs ont développé les différents types de menus que nous allons étudier dans ce cours. Ils permettent de masquer temporairement les commandes pour ne les rendre visibles qu'au moment où l'utilisateur en a réellement besoin.

b6:T59c,

Pour concevoir cette interface, vous devez assembler les classes du package javax.swing selon leurs rôles respectifs :

JFrame : Le conteneur principal de votre application. On y attache la barre de menu globale grâce à la méthode dédiée setJMenuBar(maBarre).
JMenuBar : La barre horizontale située tout en haut de la fenêtre (juste sous la barre de titre). Elle sert de support pour accueillir les différents menus.
JMenu : Un menu textuel cliquable (ex: "Fichier", "Modifier") qui se déroule pour afficher son contenu. Fait intéressant : un JMenu peut contenir un autre JMenu, créant ainsi un sous-menu.
JMenuItem : L'élément final et cliquable du menu (ex: "Quitter"). C'est à ce niveau que l'on greffe un écouteur d'événements (ActionListener) pour exécuter du code lors du clic.

b7:T1212,

Composant	Rôle Principal	Type d'Élément
`JFrame`	Fenêtre principale de l'application	Conteneur global
`JMenuBar`	Barre horizontale en haut de la fenêtre	Conteneur des menus
`JMenu`	Menu cliquable (ex: Fichier) ou sous-menu	Menu déroulant
`JMenuItem`	Option cliquable classique (ex: Enregistrer)	Option de base
`JSeparator`	Ligne de séparation horizontale	Élément visuel
`JCheckBoxMenuItem`	Option avec case à cocher (Activer/Désactiver)	Option à choix multiple
`JRadioButtonMenuItem`	Option à bouton radio (Choix unique)	Option à choix exclusif

b8:T659,

En Swing, ces options sont représentées principalement par la classe JMenuItem. Un JMenuItem correspond à une commande ou une fonctionnalité de l'application : il peut par exemple permettre d'ouvrir un fichier, de sauvegarder un document ou de quitter l'application. Il est ensuite possible d'associer une action à l'élément afin d'exécuter du code lorsque l'utilisateur le sélectionne. Swing propose plusieurs types d'items permettant d'adapter le comportement de ces options :

JMenuItem : option classique déclenchant une action.
JCheckBoxMenuItem : option pouvant être activée ou désactivée, représentée par une case à cocher.
JRadioButtonMenuItem : option permettant de faire un choix exclusif parmi plusieurs possibilités.
JSeparator : élément visuel permettant de séparer plusieurs groupes d'options au sein d'un même menu.

Ainsi, un JMenu peut contenir une composition de ces composant selon les besoins.

b9:T20fd,

Répertorions chacun de nos items et déterminons leur nature : item classique, case à cocher ou bouton radio.

Menu	Item	Nature	Justification
Fichier	Nouveau	`JMenuItem`	Déclenche la création d'un nouveau document.
Fichier	Ouvrir	`JMenuItem`	Déclenche l'ouverture d'un fichier existant.
Fichier	Sauvegarder	`JMenuItem`	Déclenche l'enregistrement du document.
Fichier	Fermer	`JMenuItem`	Déclenche la fermeture du document ou de l'application.
Style	Gras	`JCheckBoxMenuItem`	Permet d'activer ou de désactiver le style gras.
Style	Italique	`JCheckBoxMenuItem`	Permet d'activer ou de désactiver le style italique.
Style	Souligné	`JCheckBoxMenuItem`	Permet d'activer ou de désactiver le style souligné.
Thème	Clair	`JRadioButtonMenuItem`	Permet de sélectionner le thème clair parmi plusieurs thèmes.
Thème	Sombre	`JRadioButtonMenuItem`	Permet de sélectionner le thème sombre, de manière exclusive avec le thème clair.

Le choix du type d’item dépend directement du comportement attendu de chaque fonctionnalité.

Les actions du menu Fichier sont des commandes ponctuelles : elles exécutent une opération lorsqu’elles sont sélectionnées, ce qui justifie l’utilisation de JMenuItem.
À l’inverse, les options du menu Style représentent des propriétés qui peuvent être activées ou désactivées indépendamment les unes des autres : JCheckBoxMenuItem est donc particulièrement adapté.
Enfin, les options du menu Thème correspondent à un choix unique : l’utilisateur doit pouvoir sélectionner le thème clair ou le thème sombre, mais pas les deux simultanément. Les JRadioButtonMenuItem, regroupés dans un même ButtonGroup, permettent de garantir ce comportement exclusif.

ba:T58b,// tous les imports public class MainFrame extends JFrame { public MainFrame() { init(); setVisible(true); } public void init() { setTitle("Mon premier menu"); setSize(800, 400); setLocationRelativeTo(null); initMenu(); } public void initMenu() { JMenuBar menu = new JMenuBar(); JMenu fichier = new JMenu("Fichier"); JMenuItem nouveau = new JMenuItem("Nouveau"); JMenuItem ouvrir = new JMenuItem("Ouvrir"); JMenuItem sauvegarder = new JMenuItem("Sauvegarder"); JMenuItem fermer = new JMenuItem("Fermer"); fichier.add(nouveau); fichier.add(ouvrir); fichier.add(new JSeparator()); fichier.add(sauvegarder); fichier.add(fermer); JMenu style = new JMenu("Styles"); JCheckBoxMenuItem gras = new JCheckBoxMenuItem("Gras"); JCheckBoxMenuItem italique = new JCheckBoxMenuItem("Italique"); JCheckBoxMenuItem souligner = new JCheckBoxMenuItem("Souligner"); style.add(gras); style.add(italique); style.add(souligner); JMenu theme = new JMenu("Thème"); ButtonGroup themeBG = new ButtonGroup(); JRadioButtonMenuItem clair = new JRadioButtonMenuItem("Clair"); clair.setSelected(true); JRadioButtonMenuItem sombre = new JRadioButtonMenuItem("Sombre"); themeBG.add(clair); themeBG.add(sombre); theme.add(clair); theme.add(sombre); menu.add(fichier); menu.add(style); menu.add(theme); setJMenuBar(menu); } }bb:T6be,

Nous allons reprendre l'exemple précédant et le même code, nous allons cette fois ajouter les mnémoniques permettant d'ouvrir les catégories de menu :

Menu	Mnémonique
FICHIER	`alt+F`
STYLE	`alt+S`
THEME	`alt+T`

bc:T492,

Elle appartient au package java.awt.event.KeyEvent. C'est cette classe qui centralise la gestion des événements liés au clavier en Java. Elle permet à l'application de comprendre sur quelle touche physique l'utilisateur a appuyé, indépendamment de la langue ou de la disposition du clavier (AZERTY, QWERTY, etc.).

Le préfixe VK_ signifie Virtual Key (Touche Virtuelle).

Ce sont des valeurs numériques (int) figées qui représentent chaque touche de votre clavier :

KeyEvent.VK_T : Représente la touche physique T.
KeyEvent.VK_C : Représente la touche physique C.
KeyEvent.VK_ENTER : Représente la touche Entrée.

bd:T48f,

Dans ce cours bonus, nous allons voir comment créer une sidebar en Java Swing. La sidebar est un composant un peu particulier, qui ne correspond pas directement à un composant Swing classique : sa réalisation nécessite de combiner plusieurs éléments de l'interface graphique. Pour bien comprendre comment construire ce type de composant, ce cours prend la forme d'un TP guidé. L'objectif n'est donc pas simplement de présenter le résultat final, mais de comprendre comment et pourquoi chaque partie du code est mise en place.

Le code complet de la sidebar est disponible sur le repository GitHub associé à ce cours. Nous allons reprendre ce code entièrement, pas à pas, en expliquant chaque élément et chaque étape de sa construction.

À la fin du TP, vous serez ainsi capables de comprendre le fonctionnement de la sidebar réalisée et surtout de réutiliser les différentes techniques présentées pour créer vos propres interfaces Swing.

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Une application Swing est un programme Java utilisant la bibliothèque Swing pour créer une interface graphique (GUI). Sa structure suit généralement un modèle standard pour organiser les composants et gérer les interactions avec l’utilisateur.

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La classe principale constitue le point d'entrée du programme, de l'application.

Cette classe contient la méthode public static void main() c'est elle qui va lancer la fenêtre elle est donc in-dis-pen-sable !Dans la classe principale on créé la fenêtre principale de l'application et on initialise les composants graphiques (boutons, menus, ...).Il organise la logique initiale et la disposition initiale de la fenêtre et de ses composantes.

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La méthode main() est le point d’entrée obligatoire d’un programme Java.

Dans une application Swing, elle :

Crée l’instance de la classe principale ou de la fenêtre principale.Configure les propriétés de la fenêtre : taille, titre, comportement de fermeture.Rend la fenêtre visible avec setVisible(true).

","blockName":"","blockType":"contentRichText","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"a1b19397d7d6ba566debcc14","title":"","body":{"root":{"type":"root","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Pour éviter les problèmes d’affichage, il est recommandé de lancer la création des composants Swing dans le ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"Event Dispatch Thread (EDT)","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":1,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":" via ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"SwingUtilities.invokeLater()","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":16,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":".","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":0}],"direction":null}},"bodyHtml":"

Pour éviter les problèmes d’affichage, il est recommandé de lancer la création des composants Swing dans le Event Dispatch Thread (EDT) via SwingUtilities.invokeLater().

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La fenêtre principale représente le "conteneur graphique" dans lequel tous les composants graphique de l'application sont ajoutés (boutons, menus, ...). C'est l'élément qui s'affiche à l'écran et avec lequel l'utilisateur peut interagir.

","blockName":"","blockType":"courseDefinition","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"a91af99e1fea31bfff0612e4","content":{"root":{"type":"root","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Lors de la création de notre fenêtre principale, on peut initialiser/changer quelques paramètres généraux :","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":0}],"direction":null}},"contentHtml":"

Lors de la création de notre fenêtre principale, on peut initialiser/changer quelques paramètres généraux :

","blockName":"","blockType":"contentRichText","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"e942f5d3314e18e5e97e04ef","eyebrow":"","text":"Changer le titre de la fenêtre","level":"h4","blockName":"","blockType":"contentHeading","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"cba10297e871ae17f221efc8","maxLines":null,"showLineNumbers":false,"wordWrap":false,"terminal":"","terminalLanguage":"bash","blockName":"","files":[{"id":"873b9bdcefc6888096259d15","language":"java","filename":"snippet.java","code":"setTitle(\"Un nouveau titre\");","highlightLines":"","focusLines":"","addedLines":"","removedLines":""}],"blockType":"contentCode","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"0aa3d4445a21116293f4f8f2","content":{"root":{"type":"root","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"La méthode ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"setTitle(String title)","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":16,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":" permet de changer le titre de la fenêtre, c'est à dire en haut de la fenêtre, dans la barre de titre.","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":0}],"direction":null}},"contentHtml":"

La méthode setTitle(String title) permet de changer le titre de la fenêtre, c'est à dire en haut de la fenêtre, dans la barre de titre.

","blockName":"","blockType":"contentRichText","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"db0534e32d3a8d345cebf8e3","eyebrow":"","text":"Changer la taille de la fenêtre","level":"h4","blockName":"","blockType":"contentHeading","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"440a21dcccad3191dc8ba01b","maxLines":null,"showLineNumbers":false,"wordWrap":false,"terminal":"","terminalLanguage":"bash","blockName":"","files":[{"id":"831cdb25ad781b56c2fcc771","language":"java","filename":"snippet.java","code":"setSize(400, 300);","highlightLines":"","focusLines":"","addedLines":"","removedLines":""}],"blockType":"contentCode","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"650146aa2d11deb529b305c0","content":{"root":{"type":"root","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"La méthode ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"setSize(int width, int height)","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":16,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":" permet de changer la taille de la fenêtre principale.","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":0}],"direction":null}},"contentHtml":"

La méthode setSize(int width, int height) permet de changer la taille de la fenêtre principale.

","blockName":"","blockType":"contentRichText","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"e5a87406ff72817e6bc50a08","title":"","body":{"root":{"type":"root","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Il est impératif de définir la taille de sa fenêtre avant de l'afficher car sa taille par défaut est 0x0.","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":1,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":1}],"direction":null}},"bodyHtml":"

Il est impératif de définir la taille de sa fenêtre avant de l'afficher car sa taille par défaut est 0x0.

","blockName":"","blockType":"courseRemark","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"e78db97f5e8e9b1ea2d99735","eyebrow":"","text":"Affecter la taille \"minimale\" à sa fenêtre","level":"h4","blockName":"","blockType":"contentHeading","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"90de3e1ebebe93b56a0b47a6","maxLines":null,"showLineNumbers":false,"wordWrap":false,"terminal":"","terminalLanguage":"bash","blockName":"","files":[{"id":"97bb4c4df11f0d1794dca043","language":"java","filename":"snippet.java","code":"pack();","highlightLines":"","focusLines":"","addedLines":"","removedLines":""}],"blockType":"contentCode","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"13ba5cbcaed1c99328374b20","content":{"root":{"type":"root","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"La méthode ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"pack()","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":16,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":" d’un ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"JFrame","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":16,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":" permet d’","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"ajuster automatiquement la taille de la fenêtre en fonction de la taille préférée de ses composants","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":1,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":" et du gestionnaire de disposition (","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"LayoutManager","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":18,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":") utilisé.","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":0},{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Elle calcule la dimension minimale nécessaire pour afficher correctement tous les éléments, tout en tenant compte des bordures et de la barre de titre. Contrairement à ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"setSize()","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":16,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":", qui fixe une taille précise, ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"pack()","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":16,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":" adapte dynamiquement la fenêtre à son contenu, et ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"s’utilise généralement après avoir ajouté tous les composants et avant de rendre la fenêtre visible","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":1,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":".","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":0}],"direction":null}},"contentHtml":"

La méthode pack() d’un JFrame permet d’ajuster automatiquement la taille de la fenêtre en fonction de la taille préférée de ses composants et du gestionnaire de disposition (LayoutManager) utilisé.

Elle calcule la dimension minimale nécessaire pour afficher correctement tous les éléments, tout en tenant compte des bordures et de la barre de titre. Contrairement à setSize(), qui fixe une taille précise, pack() adapte dynamiquement la fenêtre à son contenu, et s’utilise généralement après avoir ajouté tous les composants et avant de rendre la fenêtre visible.

","blockName":"","blockType":"contentRichText","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"a9b41163b97868db95102107","eyebrow":"","text":"Centrer la fenêtre au milieu de l'écran","level":"h4","blockName":"","blockType":"contentHeading","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"9d2a4aaf863439d0d9a21c71","maxLines":null,"showLineNumbers":false,"wordWrap":false,"terminal":"","terminalLanguage":"bash","blockName":"","files":[{"id":"31d93a205696ff5496b89bee","language":"java","filename":"snippet.java","code":"setLocationRelativeTo(null);","highlightLines":"","focusLines":"","addedLines":"","removedLines":""}],"blockType":"contentCode","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"e9ce600ce2fbb7cf639936e7","content":{"root":{"type":"root","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"La méthode ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"setLocationRelativeTo(null)","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":16,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":" d’un ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"JFrame","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":16,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":" permet de ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"centrer la fenêtre à l’écran","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":1,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":". Lorsqu’on passe ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"null","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":16,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":" en paramètre, Java positionne automatiquement la fenêtre au centre de l’écran principal.","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":0}],"direction":null}},"contentHtml":"

La méthode setLocationRelativeTo(null) d’un JFrame permet de centrer la fenêtre à l’écran. Lorsqu’on passe null en paramètre, Java positionne automatiquement la fenêtre au centre de l’écran principal.

","blockName":"","blockType":"contentRichText","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"c38fc79f0127a4030331476f","eyebrow":"","text":"Définir le comportement à la fermeture","level":"h4","blockName":"","blockType":"contentHeading","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"b7b182c1401dcd772546a9e0","maxLines":null,"showLineNumbers":false,"wordWrap":false,"terminal":"","terminalLanguage":"bash","blockName":"","files":[{"id":"0829cb909a2c5857e17f93c6","language":"java","filename":"snippet.java","code":"setDefaultCloseOperation(EXIT_ON_CLOSE);","highlightLines":"","focusLines":"","addedLines":"","removedLines":""}],"blockType":"contentCode","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"163ab480380b59059ce7b6ca","content":{"root":{"type":"root","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"La méthode ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE)","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":16,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":" définit le comportement de la fenêtre lorsqu’on clique sur le bouton de fermeture (","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"✕","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":16,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":").","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":0},{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Avec l’option ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"EXIT_ON_CLOSE","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":16,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":", l’application se termine complètement et la machine virtuelle Java (JVM) s’arrête. Autrement dit, fermer la fenêtre met fin au programme.","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":0}],"direction":null}},"contentHtml":"

La méthode setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE) définit le comportement de la fenêtre lorsqu’on clique sur le bouton de fermeture (✕).

Avec l’option EXIT_ON_CLOSE, l’application se termine complètement et la machine virtuelle Java (JVM) s’arrête. Autrement dit, fermer la fenêtre met fin au programme.

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La méthode setVisible(true) d’un JFrame permet d’afficher la fenêtre à l’écran. Par défaut, une fenêtre créée en Java est invisible ; il faut donc appeler setVisible(true) pour la rendre visible.

Cette méthode est généralement appelée après avoir configuré la taille (setSize() ou pack()), la position (setLocationRelativeTo(null)) et le comportement de fermeture (setDefaultCloseOperation(...)).

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C'est une classe qui étend JFrame. Elle permet de créer la fenêtre principale de notre première application.

Le constructeur de cette classe appel une fonction init(), de manière général dans ce cours on va toujours créer une fonction qui permettra d'initialiser les paramètres généraux de notre fenêtre principale.

Comme évoqué lors de la partie précédente la fonction init() permet donc d'initialiser les paramètres principaux de notre fenêtre, son titre, sa taille, sa position, ... et enfin de la rendre visible à l'écran.

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C'est la classe principale de notre application, c'est le point d'entrée du programme. Elle contient la fonction main() et permet de créer une instance de MyFrame. En créant cette instance, on appelle donc le constructeur de cette dernière qui initialise les paramètres généraux de la fenêtre principale et l'affiche à l'écran.

On obtient ainsi le résultat suivant :

Découvrir les principaux layouts avec Swing.

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En Swing (Java), un Container est un composant graphique capable de contenir et d’organiser d’autres composants de l’interface, comme des boutons, des labels ou des champs de texte.

Il s’agit d’une classe fondamentale de la bibliothèque AWT, représentée par java.awt.Container, dont héritent les principaux éléments d’interface comme JFrame, JPanel ou JDialog. Un Container joue un rôle central dans la construction d’une interface graphique, car il permet d’ajouter des composants à l’aide de la méthode add() et de gérer leur disposition grâce à un LayoutManager, assurant ainsi une organisation structurée et adaptable de l’affichage.

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FlowLayout est un gestionnaire de présentation (layout manager) dans Swing qui organise les composants dans une seule ligne horizontale, de gauche à droite, comme du texte dans un paragraphe. Quand l’espace horizontal est insuffisant, il passe à la ligne suivante, créant un effet de "flux".

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Un constructeur videUn constructeur pour déterminer l'alignement à l'aide d'une constante prédéfinieUn constructeur pour déterminer l'alignement et l'espacement horizontal et vertical.

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java.awt.FlowLayout;\n\nimport javax.swing.JButton;\nimport javax.swing.JFrame;\nimport javax.swing.JPanel;\n\npublic class MyFrame extends JFrame{\n public MyFrame(){\n init();\n addButton();\n setVisible(true); \n }\n\n public void init(){\n setTitle(\"Ma première application\"); \n setSize(400, 300); \n setLocationRelativeTo(null); \n setDefaultCloseOperation(EXIT_ON_CLOSE); \n \n // Création d'un container\n JPanel panel = new JPanel();\n panel.setLayout(new FlowLayout(FlowLayout.LEFT));\n setContentPane(panel); // mainContainer devient panel\n }\n\n public void addButton(){\n JButton b1 = new JButton(\"Bouton 1\");\n JButton b2 = new JButton(\"Bouton 2\");\n JButton b3 = new JButton(\"Bouton 3\");\n add(b1);\n add(b2);\n add(b3);\n }\n}","highlightLines":"","focusLines":"","addedLines":"","removedLines":""}],"blockType":"contentCode","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"6a9e33240df1525f1533f779","content":{"root":{"type":"root","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Commentons un peu ce code pour mieux comprendre.","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":0},{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Ce code affiche une application composée de trois boutons contenus dans un ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"FlowLayout","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":16,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":".","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":0},{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"La méthode ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":8,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"init()","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":24,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":" :","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":8,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":8},{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"On initialise toujours les paramètres principaux de la fenêtre, titre, taille, ... et en plus de ça on créé un conteneur, le panel de type ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"JPanel","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":16,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":" et on surcharge son mode de présentation avec la méthode ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"setLayout()","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":16,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":" en précisant que ce sera un ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"FlowLayout","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":16,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":".","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":0},{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Étudions les trois lignes suivantes 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Commentons un peu ce code pour mieux comprendre.

Ce code affiche une application composée de trois boutons contenus dans un FlowLayout.

La méthode init() :

On initialise toujours les paramètres principaux de la fenêtre, titre, taille, ... et en plus de ça on créé un conteneur, le panel de type JPanel et on surcharge son mode de présentation avec la méthode setLayout() en précisant que ce sera un FlowLayout.

Étudions les trois lignes suivantes :

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C'est la création d'un JPanel, dans lequel on modifie le gestionnaire de présentation. La méthode setLayout(LayouManager lm) permet de changer le gestionnaire de présentation d'un conteneur en précisant le nouveau en paramètre.

Nous on précise que le gestionnaire de présentation est un FlowLayout aligné à gauche.

Enfin la méthode setContentPane(Container c) permet de redéfinir le conteneur principal de la fenêtre principale. Dans notre cas, en faisant ça on dit que le conteneur principal de notre fenêtre est un JPanel configuré avec FlowLayout aligné à gauche.

Ainsi on obtient une fenêtre avec trois boutons alignés partant de la gauche.

On verra la création des composants comme les boutons plus tard.

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Dans Java Swing, le conteneur principal d’un JFrame utilise par défaut BorderLayout.Par contre, les JPanel utilisent par défaut FlowLayout.

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Constructeur dans lequel on précise le composant auquel on associe le gestionnaire de présentation ainsi que l'axe de présentation X_AXIS ou Y_AXIS.

Dans l'exemple ci-dessous, on créé un BoxLayout.X_AXIS à gauche et un BoxLayout.Y_AXIS à droite. Pour rester dans la simplicité, on ne donne le code que pour X_AXIS.

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On obtient donc le résultat suivant :

X_AXIS à gaucheY_AXIS à droite

","blockName":"","blockType":"contentRichText","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"100fa346ba87f2765e8341ab","title":"","body":{"root":{"type":"root","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Par défaut, les espacements entre les composants est nul. Évidemment, il est possible d'ajouter des espacements entre les différentes composantes, nous verrons cela un peu plus tard.","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":0}],"direction":null}},"bodyHtml":"

Par défaut, les espacements entre les composants est nul. Évidemment, il est possible d'ajouter des espacements entre les différentes composantes, nous verrons cela un peu plus tard.

CardLayout est un gestionnaire de présentation de Java utilisé pour afficher un seul composant à la fois parmi plusieurs, comme un système d’onglets.

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On utilise un CardLayout en Swing pour gérer plusieurs panneaux (JPanel) dans une même zone d’affichage, en ne montrant qu’un seul à la fois. Cela permet de créer des interfaces dynamiques où l’on peut passer d’un écran à un autre (comme un formulaire multi-étapes, un menu avec différentes vues, ou un système de navigation) sans ouvrir une nouvelle fenêtre. Le CardLayout simplifie donc la gestion des différentes "pages" d’une application en donnant une structure claire et organisée pour changer de contenu facilement.

","blockName":"","blockType":"contentRichText","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"6fac9aeac3498615132f86b9","title":"","body":{"root":{"type":"root","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"La création et la mise en place de ce gestionnaire de présentation sera détaillé plus tard.","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":2,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":2}],"direction":null}},"bodyHtml":"

La création et la mise en place de ce gestionnaire de présentation sera détaillé plus tard.

","blockName":"","blockType":"courseRemark","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"95c97f3b72d7e5a440863ba0","eyebrow":"","text":"GridLayout","level":"h3","blockName":"","blockType":"contentHeading","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"2711dad7371ae2a33add4ef1","content":{"root":{"type":"root","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"GridLayout","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":16,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":" est un gestionnaire de présentation qui organise les composants d’une fenêtre sous forme de ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"grille","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":1,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":".","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":16},{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Le conteneur associé est divisée en ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"lignes et colonnes","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":1,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":", et chaque composant occupe une case. Tous les composants ont ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"exactement la même taille","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":1,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":", même si leur contenu est différent.","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":0}],"direction":null}},"contentHtml":"

GridLayout est un gestionnaire de présentation qui organise les composants d’une fenêtre sous forme de grille.

Le conteneur associé est divisée en lignes et colonnes, et chaque composant occupe une case. Tous les composants ont exactement la même taille, même si leur contenu est différent.

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Un constructeur par défaut, création d'un GridLayout de seule ligne et colonne par composant.Un constructeur en précisant le nombre de lignes et de colonnes.Un constructeur en précisant les lignes, colonnes, ainsi que l'espacement horizontal et vertical entre les cellules/cases.

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Quelques petites choses à retenir :

Si la fenêtre s’agrandit, toutes les cases grandissentChaque composant prend toute la place de sa caseOn ne peut pas avoir une case plus grande qu’une autre

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On obtient alors une grille de taille avec trois boutons chacun de la même taille espacé de horizontalement et verticalement. Chaque cases est réparti selon la taille de la fenêtre.

Contrairement à GridLayout, on ne passe aucun paramètre. Parce que la structure de la grille est déterminée dynamiquement par les contraintes (GridBagConstraints) que l'on défini pour chaque composant.

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GridBagConstraints est l’objet clé pour contrôler GridBagLayout.

Tandis que GridBagLayout organise la grille, GridBagConstraints définit le comportement de chaque composant dans cette grille.

Chaque composant ajouté à un GridBagLayout doit avoir un objet GridBagConstraints associé.Il contient des informations comme : position, taille, alignement, marges, étirement.

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Par défaut, toutes les valeurs sont ou null. Il faut souvent les définir avant d’ajouter le composant.

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On obtient alors le résultat suivant :

Nous reviendrons plus tard sur une utilisation de ce gestionnaire de présentation complexe.

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L’imbrication de layout managers consiste à utiliser plusieurs gestionnaires de présentation dans des panels différents, à l’intérieur d’une même fenêtre.

Chaque JPanel peut avoir son propre layout.On combine plusieurs layouts pour créer des interfaces complexes.

C’est une technique très utilisée en Swing.

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Quelques mises en pages qui nécessitent l'imbrication de Layout.

En haut un titre centréAu centre un formulaire en grilleEn bas un boutons alignés horizontalement

Un seul layout ne peut pas faire ça proprement. On va donc imbriquer plusieurs panels avec des layouts différents.

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En fait, l'imbrication des layout revient simplement à mettre des conteneurs dans des conteneurs par exemple si je veux afficher un texte centré en haut de l'application voilà comment je vais procéder :

Le panel principal sera un BorderLayout pour diviser la fenêtre en 5 zones.À l'intérieur du BorderLayout.NORTHUn JPanel contenant un gestionnaire de présentation de type FlowLayout.CENTER pour centrer le titre

Et voilà, on a créé une présentation plus complexe en imbriquant plusieurs gestionnaires de présentation entre eux.

Voilà le code que l'on peut utiliser pour faire ceci :

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On obtient alors le résultat suivant un titre centré en haut de la fenêtre.

Découverte des principaux composants que l'on peut insérer dans une application avec Swing.

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}\n}","highlightLines":"","focusLines":"","addedLines":"","removedLines":""},{"id":"c911dc670219f76172d3b36b","language":"java","filename":"FrameJLabel.java","code":"import javax.swing.*;\nimport java.awt.*;\n\npublic class FrameJLabel extends JFrame {\n\n public FrameJLabel() {\n init();\n addLabel();\n setVisible(true);\n }\n\n public void init() {\n setTitle(\"Exemple JLabel\");\n setSize(500, 300);\n setLocationRelativeTo(null);\n setDefaultCloseOperation(EXIT_ON_CLOSE);\n setLayout(new FlowLayout(FlowLayout.CENTER));\n }\n\n public void addLabel(){\n // Label texte\n JLabel lab = new JLabel(\"Java\");\n // Label icone\n ImageIcon icon = new ImageIcon(getClass().getResource(\"/java.png\"));\n JLabel labIcon = new JLabel(icon);\n // Label texte + icone\n JLabel labTxtIcon = new JLabel(\"Java\", icon, SwingConstants.RIGHT);\n\n add(lab);\n add(labIcon);\n add(labTxtIcon);\n }\n}","highlightLines":"","focusLines":"","addedLines":"","removedLines":""}],"blockType":"contentCode","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"ab347d38dbeeca429e93142c","content":{"root":{"type":"root","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"On obtient donc le résultat suivant :","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":0}],"direction":null}},"contentHtml":"

On obtient donc le résultat suivant :

Label texte à gaucheLabel icone au centreLabel texte+icone à droite

","blockName":"","blockType":"contentRichText","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"5dd63460a882524815ccfbdf","eyebrow":"","text":"JTextField","level":"h3","blockName":"","blockType":"contentHeading","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"09de47b9061553c781b594e9","content":{"root":{"type":"root","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"JTextField","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":16,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":" est un composant Swing qui permet à l'utilisateur de ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"saisir et éditer une ligne de texte","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":1,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":". C'est l'un des composants de saisie les plus utilisés.","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":16}],"direction":null}},"contentHtml":"

JTextField est un composant Swing qui permet à l'utilisateur de saisir et éditer une ligne de texte. C'est l'un des composants de saisie les plus utilisés.

","blockName":"","blockType":"contentRichText","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"5bc5147c2c060c7e0117060b","maxLines":null,"showLineNumbers":false,"wordWrap":false,"terminal":"","terminalLanguage":"bash","blockName":"","files":[{"id":"e872bcc9367034db127376c4","language":"java","filename":"snippet.java","code":"JTextField();\nJTextField(int columns);\nJTextField(String text);\nJTextField(String text, int columns);","highlightLines":"","focusLines":"","addedLines":"","removedLines":""}],"blockType":"contentCode","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"2050a49bbd87e851f2008d77","content":{"root":{"type":"root","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"tag":"ul","type":"list","start":1,"format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"type":"listitem","value":1,"format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Constructeur par défaut champ vide","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null},{"type":"listitem","value":2,"format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Constructeur d'un champ vide avec une largeur définie","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null},{"type":"listitem","value":3,"format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Constructeur avec un texte initial","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null},{"type":"listitem","value":4,"format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Constructeur avec un texte initial et un largeur définie","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null}],"listType":"bullet","direction":null}],"direction":null}},"contentHtml":"

Constructeur par défaut champ videConstructeur d'un champ vide avec une largeur définieConstructeur avec un texte initialConstructeur avec un texte initial et un largeur définie

","blockName":"","blockType":"contentRichText","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"d10c341f24b61dc92bd6e08c","maxLines":null,"showLineNumbers":false,"wordWrap":false,"terminal":"","terminalLanguage":"bash","blockName":"","files":[{"id":"221cbfeaa98e7328da5452d1","language":"java","filename":"App.java","code":"import javax.swing.SwingUtilities;\n\npublic class App {\n public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {\n SwingUtilities.invokeLater(FrameJTextField::new);\n }\n}","highlightLines":"","focusLines":"","addedLines":"","removedLines":""},{"id":"bcb807b88acee6824188bde3","language":"java","filename":"FrameJTextField.java","code":"import javax.swing.*;\nimport java.awt.*;\n\npublic class FrameJTextField extends JFrame {\n\n public FrameJTextField() {\n init();\n addLabel();\n setVisible(true);\n }\n\n public void init() {\n setTitle(\"Exemple JTextField\");\n setSize(500, 300);\n setLocationRelativeTo(null);\n setDefaultCloseOperation(EXIT_ON_CLOSE);\n\n // Layout principal\n setLayout(new FlowLayout(FlowLayout.CENTER));\n }\n\n public void addLabel(){\n JTextField texteVide = new JTextField();\n JTextField textLarg40 = new JTextField(40);\n JTextField textePredef = new JTextField(\"Texte exemple\");\n\n\n add(texteVide);\n add(textLarg40);\n add(textePredef);\n }\n}","highlightLines":"","focusLines":"","addedLines":"","removedLines":""}],"blockType":"contentCode","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"0b9ec513a5edffeb20cd546f","content":{"root":{"type":"root","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"On obtient alors :","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":8,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":8},{"tag":"ul","type":"list","start":1,"format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"type":"listitem","value":1,"format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Un champ de saisie vide","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null},{"type":"listitem","value":2,"format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Un champ de saisie avec une largeur de 40","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null},{"type":"listitem","value":3,"format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Un champ de saisie avec un texte prédéfinie","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null}],"listType":"bullet","direction":null},{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":0}],"direction":null}},"contentHtml":"

On obtient alors :

Un champ de saisie videUn champ de saisie avec une largeur de 40Un champ de saisie avec un texte prédéfinie

Swing ne possède pas d'attribut placeholder pour ces zones de saisies, c'est le petit texte indicatif généralement grisé sur les labels. Il n'est pas pour autant impossible de le simuler. Nous essaierons cela plus tard.

","blockName":"","blockType":"courseRemark","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"0875ae70bc2944ac7fea6991","eyebrow":"","text":"JPasswordField","level":"h3","blockName":"","blockType":"contentHeading","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"9bc6fbfba4f86360ff3fe2a8","content":{"root":{"type":"root","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"JPasswordField","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":16,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":" est un composant Swing dérivé de ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"JTextField","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":16,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":" qui ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"masque les caractères saisis","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":1,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":" (affiche ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"●","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":16,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":" ou ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"*","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":16,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":" par défaut). Il est utilisé pour les saisies de ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"mots de passe","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":1,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":".","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":16}],"direction":null}},"contentHtml":"

JPasswordField est un composant Swing dérivé de JTextField qui masque les caractères saisis (affiche ● ou * par défaut). Il est utilisé pour les saisies de mots de passe.

","blockName":"","blockType":"contentRichText","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"88ef728574891e1d06c6031f","maxLines":null,"showLineNumbers":false,"wordWrap":false,"terminal":"","terminalLanguage":"bash","blockName":"","files":[{"id":"91fe7a55097142b95bea13ac","language":"java","filename":"snippet.java","code":"JPasswordField();\nJPasswordField(int columns);\nJPasswordField(String text);\nJPasswordField(String text, int columns);","highlightLines":"","focusLines":"","addedLines":"","removedLines":""}],"blockType":"contentCode","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"1bda6421fab7b51f86d442e8","content":{"root":{"type":"root","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"il possède les mêmes constructeurs que ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"JTextField","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":16,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":".","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":0}],"direction":null}},"contentHtml":"

il possède les mêmes constructeurs que JTextField.

","blockName":"","blockType":"contentRichText","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"17f8801f9473acda43035955","maxLines":null,"showLineNumbers":false,"wordWrap":false,"terminal":"","terminalLanguage":"bash","blockName":"","files":[{"id":"9a0adccb6257d3aa5ee5e5a7","language":"java","filename":"App.java","code":"import javax.swing.SwingUtilities;\n\npublic class App {\n public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {\n SwingUtilities.invokeLater(FrameJPasswordField::new);\n }\n}","highlightLines":"","focusLines":"","addedLines":"","removedLines":""},{"id":"ae35fdb9b4c95fd4882db6ba","language":"java","filename":"FrameJPasswordField.java","code":"import javax.swing.*;\nimport java.awt.*;\n\npublic class FrameJPasswordField extends JFrame {\n\n public FrameJPasswordField() {\n init();\n addLabel();\n setVisible(true);\n }\n\n public void init() {\n setTitle(\"Exemple JPasswordField\");\n setSize(500, 300);\n setLocationRelativeTo(null);\n setDefaultCloseOperation(EXIT_ON_CLOSE);\n\n // Layout principal\n setLayout(new FlowLayout(FlowLayout.CENTER));\n }\n\n public void addLabel(){\n JTextField texteVide = new JTextField();\n JTextField textLarg40 = new JTextField(40);\n JPasswordField password = new JPasswordField(\"Texte exemple\"); // Password\n\n\n add(texteVide);\n add(textLarg40);\n add(password);\n }\n}","highlightLines":"","focusLines":"","addedLines":"","removedLines":""}],"blockType":"contentCode","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"69001c08ba1648cfe707ec02","content":{"root":{"type":"root","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"On obtient alors un texte caché pour le troisième champ puisqu'il est de type ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"JPasswordField","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":16,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":".","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":0}],"direction":null}},"contentHtml":"

On obtient alors un texte caché pour le troisième champ puisqu'il est de type JPasswordField.

JTextArea est un composant Swing qui permet la saisie et l'affichage de texte multiligne. Contrairement à JTextField, il accepte plusieurs lignes de texte.

","blockName":"","blockType":"contentRichText","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"18e33fa59916fb5056078837","maxLines":null,"showLineNumbers":false,"wordWrap":false,"terminal":"","terminalLanguage":"bash","blockName":"","files":[{"id":"1174d6f2403aa31ee1bfb117","language":"java","filename":"snippet.java","code":"JTextArea();\nJTextArea(int rows, int cols);\nJTextArea(String text);\nJTextArea(String text, int rows, int cols);","highlightLines":"","focusLines":"","addedLines":"","removedLines":""}],"blockType":"contentCode","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"15828d808ff41a4f3c9ef515","content":{"root":{"type":"root","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"tag":"ul","type":"list","start":1,"format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"type":"listitem","value":1,"format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Un constructeur vide","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null},{"type":"listitem","value":2,"format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Un constructeur en définissant les dimensions de la zone de texte lignes et colonnes.","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null},{"type":"listitem","value":3,"format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Un constructeur avec un texte initial.","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null},{"type":"listitem","value":4,"format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Un constructeur avec texte initial et définition des dimensions","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null}],"listType":"bullet","direction":null}],"direction":null}},"contentHtml":"

Un constructeur videUn constructeur en définissant les dimensions de la zone de texte lignes et colonnes.Un constructeur avec un texte initial.Un constructeur avec texte initial et définition des dimensions

","blockName":"","blockType":"contentRichText","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"19e645bf4947e9ba34b5d39e","maxLines":null,"showLineNumbers":false,"wordWrap":false,"terminal":"","terminalLanguage":"bash","blockName":"","files":[{"id":"5e331a047de15595e51350a1","language":"java","filename":"App.java","code":"import javax.swing.SwingUtilities;\n\npublic class App {\n public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {\n SwingUtilities.invokeLater(FrameJTexteArea::new);\n }\n}","highlightLines":"","focusLines":"","addedLines":"","removedLines":""},{"id":"1886354bcc7ec56861735906","language":"java","filename":"FrameJTextArea.java","code":"import javax.swing.*;\nimport java.awt.*;\n\npublic class FrameJTexteArea extends JFrame {\n\n public FrameJTexteArea() {\n init();\n addLabel();\n setVisible(true);\n }\n\n public void init() {\n setTitle(\"Exemple JTextArea\");\n setSize(500, 300);\n setLocationRelativeTo(null);\n setDefaultCloseOperation(EXIT_ON_CLOSE);\n setLayout(new FlowLayout(FlowLayout.CENTER));\n }\n\n public void addLabel(){\n JTextArea txt = new JTextArea(\"Bonjour tout le monde\", 5, 40);\n add(txt);\n }\n}","highlightLines":"","focusLines":"","addedLines":"","removedLines":""}],"blockType":"contentCode","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"4f3c09b2a5d942fcf49ebac8","content":{"root":{"type":"root","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"On obtient donc :","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":0}],"direction":null}},"contentHtml":"

On obtient donc :

JButton est un composant Swing qui représente un bouton cliquable. C'est le composant d'interaction le plus utilisé dans les interfaces graphiques.

","blockName":"","blockType":"contentRichText","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"ec6961cf09b7366931ab1410","maxLines":null,"showLineNumbers":false,"wordWrap":false,"terminal":"","terminalLanguage":"bash","blockName":"","files":[{"id":"bf11989e6e2393b3c02ef8df","language":"java","filename":"snippet.java","code":"JButton();\nJButton(String text);\nJButton(Icon icon);\nJButton(String text, Icon icon);","highlightLines":"","focusLines":"","addedLines":"","removedLines":""}],"blockType":"contentCode","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"7fefa26761f2c1192dadaf5e","content":{"root":{"type":"root","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Il possède les mêmes constructeurs que ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"JLabel","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":16,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":", permettant de lui associer un texte et/ou icone.","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":0}],"direction":null}},"contentHtml":"

Il possède les mêmes constructeurs que JLabel, permettant de lui associer un texte et/ou icone.

","blockName":"","blockType":"contentRichText","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"bfb437cc7b6882c7bf20a366","maxLines":null,"showLineNumbers":false,"wordWrap":false,"terminal":"","terminalLanguage":"bash","blockName":"","files":[{"id":"109cd35fb6cb8011a9e108fc","language":"java","filename":"App.java","code":"import javax.swing.SwingUtilities;\n\npublic class App {\n public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {\n SwingUtilities.invokeLater(FrameJButton::new);\n }\n}","highlightLines":"","focusLines":"","addedLines":"","removedLines":""},{"id":"fa9d4a75fb5c1303ab29a6f9","language":"java","filename":"FrameJButton.java","code":"import javax.swing.*;\nimport java.awt.*;\n\npublic class FrameJButton extends JFrame {\n\n public FrameJButton() {\n init();\n addButton();\n setVisible(true);\n }\n\n public void init() {\n setTitle(\"Exemple JButton\");\n setSize(500, 300);\n setLocationRelativeTo(null);\n setDefaultCloseOperation(EXIT_ON_CLOSE);\n\n // Layout principal\n setLayout(new FlowLayout(FlowLayout.CENTER));\n }\n\n public void addButton(){\n JButton bt = new JButton(\"Mon bouton\");\n add(bt);\n }\n}","highlightLines":"","focusLines":"","addedLines":"","removedLines":""}],"blockType":"contentCode","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"dd4720215e5eb945aa473d1e","content":{"root":{"type":"root","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"On obtient alors un bouton centré en haut de page.","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":0}],"direction":null}},"contentHtml":"

On obtient alors un bouton centré en haut de page.

JCheckBox est un composant Swing qui représente une case à cocher pouvant être cochée ou décochée indépendamment des autres. Il est utilisé pour des choix multiples non exclusifs.

","blockName":"","blockType":"contentRichText","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"88d5a43c7e9fa90923612063","maxLines":null,"showLineNumbers":false,"wordWrap":false,"terminal":"","terminalLanguage":"bash","blockName":"","files":[{"id":"ba2e428b13b315b730c035d7","language":"java","filename":"snippet.java","code":"JCheckBox();\nJCheckBox(String text);\nJCheckBox(String text, boolean selected);\nJCheckBox(Icon icon);\nJCheckBox(String text, Icon icon);\nJCheckBox(String text, Icon icon, boolean selected);","highlightLines":"","focusLines":"","addedLines":"","removedLines":""}],"blockType":"contentCode","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"c6c47a13304a32eedfe5133e","content":{"root":{"type":"root","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"tag":"ul","type":"list","start":1,"format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"type":"listitem","value":1,"format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Constructeur par défaut d'une case vide non cochée","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null},{"type":"listitem","value":2,"format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Constructeur avec un label associé","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null},{"type":"listitem","value":3,"format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Constructeur avec label et état initial ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"(sélectionné ou pas)","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":2,"version":1}],"direction":null},{"type":"listitem","value":4,"format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Constructeur avec icone","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null},{"type":"listitem","value":5,"format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Constructeur avec texte et icone","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null},{"type":"listitem","value":6,"format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Constructeur avec texte, icone et état initial","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null}],"listType":"bullet","direction":null}],"direction":null}},"contentHtml":"

Constructeur par défaut d'une case vide non cochéeConstructeur avec un label associéConstructeur avec label et état initial (sélectionné ou pas)Constructeur avec iconeConstructeur avec texte et iconeConstructeur avec texte, icone et état initial

","blockName":"","blockType":"contentRichText","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"06c31b852456a9f1d1c9f378","maxLines":null,"showLineNumbers":false,"wordWrap":false,"terminal":"","terminalLanguage":"bash","blockName":"","files":[{"id":"db472a397ffd2506e05df2b1","language":"java","filename":"App.java","code":"import javax.swing.SwingUtilities;\n\npublic class App {\n public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {\n SwingUtilities.invokeLater(FrameJCheckbox::new);\n }\n}","highlightLines":"","focusLines":"","addedLines":"","removedLines":""},{"id":"cab33720d4beba62fbc6a2bd","language":"java","filename":"FrameJCheckbox.java","code":"import javax.swing.*;\n\npublic class FrameJCheckbox extends JFrame {\n\n public FrameJCheckbox() {\n init();\n addButton();\n setVisible(true);\n }\n\n public void init() {\n setTitle(\"Exemple JCheckbox\");\n setSize(500, 300);\n setLocationRelativeTo(null);\n setDefaultCloseOperation(EXIT_ON_CLOSE);\n\n // Layout principal\n JPanel panel = new JPanel();\n panel.setLayout(new BoxLayout(panel, BoxLayout.X_AXIS));\n setContentPane(panel);\n }\n\n public void addButton(){\n JCheckBox cb1 = new JCheckBox(\"une\");\n JCheckBox cb2 = new JCheckBox(\"deux\", true);\n JCheckBox cb3 = new JCheckBox(\"trois\");\n add(cb1);\n add(cb2);\n add(cb3);\n }\n}","highlightLines":"","focusLines":"","addedLines":"","removedLines":""}],"blockType":"contentCode","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"13872e4eb150f4b372096994","content":{"root":{"type":"root","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"On obtient donc trois cases à cochées l'une à côté de l'autre avec la second sélectionnée initialement.","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":0}],"direction":null}},"contentHtml":"

On obtient donc trois cases à cochées l'une à côté de l'autre avec la second sélectionnée initialement.

JRadioButton est un composant Swing qui représente un bouton radio : un choix exclusif parmi un groupe. Il est toujours utilisé avec ButtonGroup pour garantir qu'un seul bouton est sélectionné à la fois.

","blockName":"","blockType":"contentRichText","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"c000928c0382a4baabb07217","maxLines":null,"showLineNumbers":false,"wordWrap":false,"terminal":"","terminalLanguage":"bash","blockName":"","files":[{"id":"448dafed59b16de37b52bc25","language":"java","filename":"snippet.java","code":"JRadioButton();\nJRadioButton(String text);\nJRadioButton(String text, boolean selected);\nJRadioButton(Icon icon);\nJRadioButton(String text, Icon icon);\nJRadioButton(String text, Icon icon, boolean selected);","highlightLines":"","focusLines":"","addedLines":"","removedLines":""}],"blockType":"contentCode","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"a295a83ba5284ad8f231e353","content":{"root":{"type":"root","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Les constructeurs d'un bouton radio correspondent aussi aux constructeurs de ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"JCheckbox","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":16,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":".","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":0},{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Étapes de \"constructions\" de boutons radio :","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":8,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":8},{"tag":"ol","type":"list","start":1,"format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"type":"listitem","value":1,"format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Création des boutons un à un.","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null},{"type":"listitem","value":2,"format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Création du ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"ButtonGroup","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":16,"version":1}],"direction":null},{"type":"listitem","value":3,"format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Ajout de tous les boutons dans le ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"ButtonGroup","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":16,"version":1}],"direction":null},{"type":"listitem","value":4,"format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Ajout de tous les boutons dans le conteneur souhaité","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null}],"listType":"number","direction":null}],"direction":null}},"contentHtml":"

Les constructeurs d'un bouton radio correspondent aussi aux constructeurs de JCheckbox.

Étapes de "constructions" de boutons radio :

Création des boutons un à un.Création du ButtonGroupAjout de tous les boutons dans le ButtonGroupAjout de tous les boutons dans le conteneur souhaité

","blockName":"","blockType":"contentRichText","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"537366ea1b4aff91788332a0","title":"","body":{"root":{"type":"root","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Le ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"ButtonGroup","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":16,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":" assure ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"qu'un seul et unique bouton n'est sélectionné","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":1,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":".","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":0}],"direction":null}},"bodyHtml":"

Le ButtonGroup assure qu'un seul et unique bouton n'est sélectionné.

","blockName":"","blockType":"courseRemark","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"a36f8422ff055ddd7d94a654","maxLines":null,"showLineNumbers":false,"wordWrap":false,"terminal":"","terminalLanguage":"bash","blockName":"","files":[{"id":"370f55efd1b5b62b83b5bdee","language":"java","filename":"App.java","code":"import javax.swing.SwingUtilities;\n\npublic class App {\n public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {\n SwingUtilities.invokeLater(FrameJRadioButton::new);\n }\n}","highlightLines":"","focusLines":"","addedLines":"","removedLines":""},{"id":"50896737a83ca70d30f3c90e","language":"java","filename":"FrameJRadioButton.java","code":"import javax.swing.*;\n\npublic class FrameJRadioButton extends JFrame {\n\n public FrameJRadioButton() {\n init();\n addButton();\n setVisible(true);\n }\n\n public void init() {\n setTitle(\"Exemple JRadioButton\");\n setSize(500, 300);\n setLocationRelativeTo(null);\n setDefaultCloseOperation(EXIT_ON_CLOSE);\n\n // Layout principal\n JPanel panel = new JPanel();\n panel.setLayout(new BoxLayout(panel, BoxLayout.X_AXIS));\n setContentPane(panel);\n }\n\n public void addButton(){\n JRadioButton cb1 = new JRadioButton(\"une\");\n JRadioButton cb2 = new JRadioButton(\"deux\", true);\n JRadioButton cb3 = new JRadioButton(\"trois\");\n\n // Groupe de bouton\n ButtonGroup bg = new ButtonGroup();\n // ajout des boutons au groupe\n bg.add(cb1);\n bg.add(cb2);\n bg.add(cb3);\n // ajout des boutons au conteneur\n add(cb1);\n add(cb2);\n add(cb3);\n }\n}","highlightLines":"","focusLines":"","addedLines":"","removedLines":""}],"blockType":"contentCode","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"e090e2651805fda3720451a9","content":{"root":{"type":"root","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"On obtient au même titre que pour les cases à cocher, trois boutons radio avec le second coché. Or ici, lorsque l'on coche un autre bouton, l'ancien est désactivé pour assurer le fait qu'un seul et unique soit sélectionné. C'est grâce au ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"ButtonGroup","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":16,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":".","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":0}],"direction":null}},"contentHtml":"

On obtient au même titre que pour les cases à cocher, trois boutons radio avec le second coché. Or ici, lorsque l'on coche un autre bouton, l'ancien est désactivé pour assurer le fait qu'un seul et unique soit sélectionné. C'est grâce au ButtonGroup.

JList est un composant Swing qui affiche une liste d'éléments dans laquelle l'utilisateur peut sélectionner un ou plusieurs éléments. Il est souvent utilisé pour des listes de choix.

","blockName":"","blockType":"contentRichText","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"34d56cbfc8012b0e8f97b568","maxLines":null,"showLineNumbers":false,"wordWrap":false,"terminal":"","terminalLanguage":"bash","blockName":"","files":[{"id":"b526c740d6b66c0a80978c2e","language":"java","filename":"snippet.java","code":"JList();\nJList(E[] listData);\nJList(Vector listData);\nJList(ListModel dataModel);","highlightLines":"","focusLines":"","addedLines":"","removedLines":""}],"blockType":"contentCode","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"ab50293aa0fd26ef81677a9c","content":{"root":{"type":"root","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Voici un exemple minimal de création de ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"JList","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":16,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":" sans le contexte autour.","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":0}],"direction":null}},"contentHtml":"

Voici un exemple minimal de création de JList sans le contexte autour.

","blockName":"","blockType":"contentRichText","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"7ea2c244d7a6e28dcc7f8b87","maxLines":null,"showLineNumbers":false,"wordWrap":false,"terminal":"","terminalLanguage":"bash","blockName":"","files":[{"id":"14b76f9bb3dba21ac204891e","language":"java","filename":"snippet.java","code":"// Constructeur vide\nJList(); \n\n// Constructeur à partir d'un tableau d'objets\nString[] tab = {\"A\", \"B\", \"C\"};\nJList liste = new JList<>(tab);\n\n// Constructeur à partir d'un vecteur\nVector v = new Vector<>();\nv.add(\"A\"); v.add(\"B\");\nJList liste = new JList<>(v);\n\n// Constructeur à partir d'une liste\nDefaultListModel model = new DefaultListModel<>();\nmodel.addElement(\"A\"); model.addElement(\"B\");\nJList liste = new JList<>(model);","highlightLines":"","focusLines":"","addedLines":"","removedLines":""}],"blockType":"contentCode","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"994226520d50f0b9058e45de","content":{"root":{"type":"root","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Il est possible de ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"changer le mode de sélection","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":1,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":" grâce à la méthode ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"setSelectionMode(...)","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":16,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":" qui peut prendre en paramètre :","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":0},{"type":"table","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"type":"tablerow","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"type":"tablecell","format":"","indent":0,"colSpan":1,"rowSpan":1,"version":1,"children":[{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Mode","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":0}],"direction":null,"headerState":1,"backgroundColor":null},{"type":"tablecell","format":"","indent":0,"colSpan":1,"rowSpan":1,"version":1,"children":[{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Description","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":0}],"direction":null,"headerState":1,"backgroundColor":null},{"type":"tablecell","format":"","indent":0,"colSpan":1,"rowSpan":1,"version":1,"children":[{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Exemple","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":0}],"direction":null,"headerState":1,"backgroundColor":null}],"direction":null},{"type":"tablerow","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"type":"tablecell","format":"","indent":0,"colSpan":1,"rowSpan":1,"version":1,"children":[{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"ListSelectionModel.SINGLE_SELECTION","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":16,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":16}],"direction":null,"headerState":0,"backgroundColor":null},{"type":"tablecell","format":"","indent":0,"colSpan":1,"rowSpan":1,"version":1,"children":[{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Un seul élément peut être sélectionné à la 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On obtient ainsi :

JSplitPane est un conteneur Swing qui divise l'espace en deux zones redimensionnables séparées par un séparateur déplaçable. L'utilisateur peut ajuster la taille des deux zones en faisant glisser le séparateur.

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On obtient alors :

JTable est un composant Swing puissant qui affiche des données sous forme de tableau à lignes et colonnes, comme une feuille de calcul. C'est l'un des composants les plus riches et complexes de Swing.

Il repose sur un pattern MVC : Modèle-Vue-Contrôleur

rnrn rnJTablernrnrnVuernrn rnTableModelrnrnrnTableModelrn← donnéesrnrn rnrnTableColumnModelrn← colonnesrnrn rnrnListSelectionModelrn← sélectionrnrn

Cette partie sera développée plus tard.

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JTree est un composant Swing qui affiche des données sous forme arborescente hiérarchique (comme l'explorateur de fichiers Windows). Il permet de naviguer dans une structure nœuds parents / nœuds enfants.

rnrn rnJTreernrn rnrnVuernrn rnrnTreeModelrn← données / nœudsrnrn rnrnTreeSelectionModelrn← sélectionrnrn rnrnTreeCellRendererrn← rendu visuelrnrn rnModèlernrn

Cette composante sera elle aussi détaillée plus tard dans ce cours.

","blockName":"","blockType":"contentRichText","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"34c820da317086bd3ee19d35","eyebrow":"","text":"Dialogues et fenêtres secondaires","level":"h2","blockName":"","blockType":"contentHeading","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"acd918fcb4af139afca8e9d2","eyebrow":"","text":"JOptionPane","level":"h3","blockName":"","blockType":"contentHeading","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"cbc43316ba56c549edc2c777","content":{"root":{"type":"root","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"JOptionPane","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":16,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":" est un composant Swing qui permet d'afficher des ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"boîtes de dialogue standard","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":1,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":" : messages, confirmations, saisies, et choix. C'est le moyen le plus rapide d'interagir avec l'utilisateur sans créer une fenêtre personnalisée.","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":16},{"tag":"ul","type":"list","start":1,"format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"type":"listitem","value":1,"format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Afficher un message","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null},{"type":"listitem","value":2,"format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Demander confirmation","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null},{"type":"listitem","value":3,"format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Demander une saisie","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null},{"type":"listitem","value":4,"format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Dialogue personnalisé","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null}],"listType":"bullet","direction":null}],"direction":null}},"contentHtml":"

JOptionPane est un composant Swing qui permet d'afficher des boîtes de dialogue standard : messages, confirmations, saisies, et choix. C'est le moyen le plus rapide d'interagir avec l'utilisateur sans créer une fenêtre personnalisée.

Afficher un messageDemander confirmationDemander une saisieDialogue personnalisé

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Lorsqu'un utilisateur interagit avec une interface graphique, il clique sur un bouton, tape du texte, déplace la souris, redimensionne une fenêtre l'application doit réagir à ces actions. En Swing, ces interactions sont appelées des événements.

Un événement est donc un signal émis automatiquement par un composant lorsque quelque chose se passe. Par exemple, un JButton émet un événement quand on le clique, un JTextField émet un événement quand on y tape du texte, une JFrame émet un événement quand on la ferme.

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La source est le composant qui génère l'événement : un bouton, un champ texte, une liste.L'événement est l'objet créé automatiquement par Swing qui contient toutes les informations sur ce qui s'est passé : quel bouton, quelle touche, quelle position de souris.L'écouteur (ou Listener) est le code que vous écrivez pour réagir à cet événement.

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C'est l'approche classique, utile quand la fenêtre elle-même gère les événements.

","blockName":"","blockType":"contentRichText","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"24cf647cbb0557a78b8b6e02","maxLines":null,"showLineNumbers":false,"wordWrap":false,"terminal":"","terminalLanguage":"bash","blockName":"","files":[{"id":"d45aa802f05800445ba903fd","language":"java","filename":"App.java","code":"import javax.swing.*;\n\npublic class App {\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n SwingUtilities.invokeLater(MonBouton::new);\n }\n}","highlightLines":"","focusLines":"","addedLines":"","removedLines":""},{"id":"7482923e88ef1afdb07d6011","language":"java","filename":"MonBouton.java","code":"import java.awt.FlowLayout;\nimport java.awt.event.*;\nimport javax.swing.*;\n\npublic class MonBouton extends JFrame implements ActionListener {\n private JButton bouton;\n private JLabel label;\n\n public MonBouton() {\n init();\n addButton();\n setVisible(true);\n }\n\n public void init(){\n setTitle(\"Exemple ActionListener\");\n setLayout(new FlowLayout());\n setSize(300, 150);\n setDefaultCloseOperation(EXIT_ON_CLOSE);\n setLocationRelativeTo(null);\n }\n\n public void addButton(){\n bouton = new JButton(\"Clique-moi\");\n label = new JLabel(\"En attente...\");\n\n bouton.addActionListener(this);\n\n add(bouton);\n add(label);\n }\n\n @Override\n public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {\n label.setText(\"Bouton cliqué !\");\n }\n}","highlightLines":"","focusLines":"","addedLines":"","removedLines":""}],"blockType":"contentCode","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"87c4bacf5a334bab97c3c948","content":{"root":{"type":"root","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Le code ci-dessus permet de créer une fenêtre, cette dernière est composée d'un bouton et d'un label avec le texte \"En attente...\".","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":0},{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"On souhaite que le texte du label change lorsque l'on clique sur le bouton. On ajoute alors un écouteur d'événement au bouton, qui sera géré par la classe ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"MonBouton","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":16,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":".","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":0}],"direction":null}},"contentHtml":"

Le code ci-dessus permet de créer une fenêtre, cette dernière est composée d'un bouton et d'un label avec le texte "En attente...".

On souhaite que le texte du label change lorsque l'on clique sur le bouton. On ajoute alors un écouteur d'événement au bouton, qui sera géré par la classe MonBouton.

","blockName":"","blockType":"contentRichText","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"1c0a8c71192f4737011d6d17","maxLines":null,"showLineNumbers":false,"wordWrap":false,"terminal":"","terminalLanguage":"bash","blockName":"","files":[{"id":"d93222c5b51675a48e85fcfa","language":"java","filename":"snippet.txt","code":"bouton.addActionListener(this);","highlightLines":"","focusLines":"","addedLines":"","removedLines":""}],"blockType":"contentCode","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"121255940c323e0352cb7764","content":{"root":{"type":"root","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"C'est le rôle de cet instruction : On ajoute un écouteur d'événement au bouton qui sera géré par la classe actuelle. Cela veut dire que la classe ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"MonBouton","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":16,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":" doit gérer elle même l'événement provoqué en définissant la méthode ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"actionPerformed(ActionEvent e)","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":16,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":".","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":0}],"direction":null}},"contentHtml":"

C'est le rôle de cet instruction : On ajoute un écouteur d'événement au bouton qui sera géré par la classe actuelle. Cela veut dire que la classe MonBouton doit gérer elle même l'événement provoqué en définissant la méthode actionPerformed(ActionEvent e).

","blockName":"","blockType":"contentRichText","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"7967f7e22cad84875227bae2","maxLines":null,"showLineNumbers":false,"wordWrap":false,"terminal":"","terminalLanguage":"bash","blockName":"","files":[{"id":"94766d36fa2d05018aae3acd","language":"java","filename":"snippet.java","code":"@Override\npublic void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {\n label.setText(\"Bouton cliqué !\");\n}","highlightLines":"","focusLines":"","addedLines":"","removedLines":""}],"blockType":"contentCode","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"1261b9a6f0f3a5c203f3983c","content":{"root":{"type":"root","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Ainsi en définissant cette méthode, on \"dit\" ce qu'il doit se passer lorsque le bouton est cliqué. Ici, on change le texte du label en \"Bouton cliqué !\" grâce à la méthode ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"setText(String texte)","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":16,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":".","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":0},{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"On obtient alors","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":0}],"direction":null}},"contentHtml":"

Ainsi en définissant cette méthode, on "dit" ce qu'il doit se passer lorsque le bouton est cliqué. Ici, on change le texte du label en "Bouton cliqué !" grâce à la méthode setText(String texte).

On obtient alors

le résultat suivant et lorsque l'on clique sur le bouton, le contenu du label à droite change.

","blockName":"","blockType":"contentRichText","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"375773b780b6362f743d6c95","eyebrow":"","text":"Classe interne anonyme","level":"h4","blockName":"","blockType":"contentHeading","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"4c5a034113debba9f62bb743","content":{"root":{"type":"root","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Chaque composant a son propre listener défini directement à l'endroit où il est créé. C'est la méthode la plus courante dans les anciens codes Java.","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":0}],"direction":null}},"contentHtml":"

Chaque composant a son propre listener défini directement à l'endroit où il est créé. C'est la méthode la plus courante dans les anciens codes Java.

","blockName":"","blockType":"contentRichText","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"40ec5861c8118c7a4d7cde78","maxLines":null,"showLineNumbers":false,"wordWrap":false,"terminal":"","terminalLanguage":"bash","blockName":"","files":[{"id":"bb49a74963cd43b54b685e86","language":"java","filename":"App.java","code":"import javax.swing.*;\n\npublic class App {\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n SwingUtilities.invokeLater(MonBouton::new);\n }\n}","highlightLines":"","focusLines":"","addedLines":"","removedLines":""},{"id":"7afb476dabd6724dc0bf4c4c","language":"java","filename":"MonBouton.java","code":"import java.awt.FlowLayout;\nimport java.awt.event.*;\nimport javax.swing.*;\n\npublic class MonBouton extends JFrame {\n\n private JButton bouton;\n private JLabel label;\n\n public MonBouton() {\n init();\n addButton();\n setVisible(true);\n }\n\n public void init(){\n setTitle(\"Exemple ActionListener\");\n setLayout(new FlowLayout());\n setSize(300, 150);\n setDefaultCloseOperation(EXIT_ON_CLOSE);\n setLocationRelativeTo(null);\n }\n\n public void addButton(){\n bouton = new JButton(\"Clique-moi\");\n label = new JLabel(\"En attente...\");\n\n bouton.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {\n @Override\n public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e){\n label.setText(\"Bouton cliqué !\");\n }\n });\n\n add(bouton);\n add(label);\n }\n}","highlightLines":"","focusLines":"","addedLines":"","removedLines":""}],"blockType":"contentCode","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"73705bbb4f8dc526cd3af22e","content":{"root":{"type":"root","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Ici on reprend le même exemple que précédemment. Le bouton et le label qui change de texte lorsque l'on clique sur le bouton. L'idée ici est de définir un écouteur directement dans le code sans passer par la classe ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"ActionListener","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":16,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":" entière.","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":0}],"direction":null}},"contentHtml":"

Ici on reprend le même exemple que précédemment. Le bouton et le label qui change de texte lorsque l'on clique sur le bouton. L'idée ici est de définir un écouteur directement dans le code sans passer par la classe ActionListener entière.

","blockName":"","blockType":"contentRichText","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"f725d082020e5a678a2e9dbf","maxLines":null,"showLineNumbers":false,"wordWrap":false,"terminal":"","terminalLanguage":"bash","blockName":"","files":[{"id":"9904848a1c58e30a2a7cc7b3","language":"java","filename":"snippet.java","code":"bouton.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {\n @Override\n public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e){\n label.setText(\"Bouton cliqué !\");\n }\n});","highlightLines":"","focusLines":"","addedLines":"","removedLines":""}],"blockType":"contentCode","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"1f6c87c61b678f9f4197f4b7","content":{"root":{"type":"root","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Lorsque l'on ajoute un écouteur d'événement au bouton :","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":0},{"tag":"ul","type":"list","start":1,"format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"type":"listitem","value":1,"format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Création d'un ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"objet anonyme","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":1,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":" de type ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"ActionListener","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":16,"version":1}],"direction":null},{"type":"listitem","value":2,"format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"On appelle alors la méthode ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"actionPerformed(ActionEvent e)","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":16,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":" quand le bouton est cliqué.","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null}],"listType":"bullet","direction":null},{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"En gros : ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"lorsque le bouton est cliqué on va créer un objet ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":2,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"ActionListener","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":18,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":" anonyme et on va appeler la méthode ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":2,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"actionPerformed","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":18,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":".","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":2,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":0}],"direction":null}},"contentHtml":"

Lorsque l'on ajoute un écouteur d'événement au bouton :

Création d'un objet anonyme de type ActionListenerOn appelle alors la méthode actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) quand le bouton est cliqué.

En gros : lorsque le bouton est cliqué on va créer un objet ActionListener anonyme et on va appeler la méthode actionPerformed.

","blockName":"","blockType":"contentRichText","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"71aa876b2ff1ca6bd4d44c9e","title":"","body":{"root":{"type":"root","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Cette approche est rapide mais peut devenir sur le long terme difficile à la compréhension pour de grosses applications.","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":0}],"direction":null}},"bodyHtml":"

Cette approche est rapide mais peut devenir sur le long terme difficile à la compréhension pour de grosses applications.

","blockName":"","blockType":"courseRemark","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"926f2d71bf1c13bd4c761f04","eyebrow":"","text":"Expression Lambda (Java 8+)","level":"h4","blockName":"","blockType":"contentHeading","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"28bfd127b72cc2f2066ad2f0","content":{"root":{"type":"root","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Puisque ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"ActionListener","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":16,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":" est une ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"interface fonctionnelle","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":1,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":" (une seule méthode abstraite), elle peut être remplacée par une lambda :","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":0}],"direction":null}},"contentHtml":"

Puisque ActionListener est une interface fonctionnelle (une seule méthode abstraite), elle peut être remplacée par une lambda :

","blockName":"","blockType":"contentRichText","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"07cc77d911c48dec30a89568","maxLines":null,"showLineNumbers":false,"wordWrap":false,"terminal":"","terminalLanguage":"bash","blockName":"","files":[{"id":"b6fc3b848878713b59e9cd0f","language":"java","filename":"App.java","code":"import javax.swing.*;\n\npublic class App {\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n SwingUtilities.invokeLater(MonBouton::new);\n }\n}","highlightLines":"","focusLines":"","addedLines":"","removedLines":""},{"id":"55ff234721ad009c74893819","language":"java","filename":"MonBouton.java","code":"import java.awt.FlowLayout;\nimport java.awt.event.*;\nimport javax.swing.*;\n\npublic class MonBouton extends JFrame {\n\n private JButton bouton;\n private JLabel label;\n\n public MonBouton() {\n init();\n addButton();\n setVisible(true);\n }\n\n public void init(){\n setTitle(\"Exemple ActionListener\");\n setLayout(new FlowLayout());\n setSize(300, 150);\n setDefaultCloseOperation(EXIT_ON_CLOSE);\n setLocationRelativeTo(null);\n }\n\n public void addButton(){\n bouton = new JButton(\"Clique-moi\");\n label = new JLabel(\"En attente...\");\n\n bouton.addActionListener(e -> label.setText(\"Bouton cliqué !\"));\n\n add(bouton);\n add(label);\n }\n}","highlightLines":"","focusLines":"","addedLines":"","removedLines":""}],"blockType":"contentCode","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"49f0f54846c66202feb36198","content":{"root":{"type":"root","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Ici, on fait exactement la même chose que les exemples précédents et c'est un ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"raccourci","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":1,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":" du code que l'on a vu pour la classe interne anonyme.","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":0}],"direction":null}},"contentHtml":"

Ici, on fait exactement la même chose que les exemples précédents et c'est un raccourci du code que l'on a vu pour la classe interne anonyme.

","blockName":"","blockType":"contentRichText","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"92ab4b1625e63fdd7a67d6e3","maxLines":null,"showLineNumbers":false,"wordWrap":false,"terminal":"","terminalLanguage":"bash","blockName":"","files":[{"id":"7af4ec307f7eb66962325f5a","language":"java","filename":"snippet.java","code":"bouton.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {\n @Override\n public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e){\n label.setText(\"Bouton cliqué !\");\n }\n});\n\n// équivaut en fait à \nbouton.addActionListener(e -> label.setText(\"Bouton cliqué !\"));","highlightLines":"","focusLines":"","addedLines":"","removedLines":""}],"blockType":"contentCode","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"8a271f250e4a844a388bdd89","eyebrow":"","text":"Classe interne nommée","level":"h4","blockName":"","blockType":"contentHeading","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"8d2cff1f08a3d20fd08d6599","content":{"root":{"type":"root","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Utile quand la même logique doit être partagée entre plusieurs composants, ou quand la logique est complexe.","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":0}],"direction":null}},"contentHtml":"

Utile quand la même logique doit être partagée entre plusieurs composants, ou quand la logique est complexe.

","blockName":"","blockType":"contentRichText","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"a3d10e3db3bba1f9b25d4c8c","maxLines":null,"showLineNumbers":false,"wordWrap":false,"terminal":"","terminalLanguage":"bash","blockName":"","files":[{"id":"5af3d6689ad2d1221805f4c4","language":"java","filename":"App.java","code":"import javax.swing.*;\n\npublic class App {\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n SwingUtilities.invokeLater(MonBouton::new);\n }\n}","highlightLines":"","focusLines":"","addedLines":"","removedLines":""},{"id":"16dcaef7b91100df1ead4c75","language":"java","filename":"MonBouton.java","code":"import java.awt.FlowLayout;\nimport java.awt.event.*;\nimport javax.swing.*;\n\npublic class MonBouton extends JFrame {\n\n private JButton bouton;\n private JLabel label;\n\n public MonBouton() {\n init();\n addButton();\n setVisible(true);\n }\n\n public void init(){\n setTitle(\"Exemple ActionListener\");\n setLayout(new FlowLayout());\n setSize(300, 150);\n setDefaultCloseOperation(EXIT_ON_CLOSE);\n setLocationRelativeTo(null);\n }\n\n public void addButton(){\n bouton = new JButton(\"Clique-moi\");\n label = new JLabel(\"En attente...\");\n\n bouton.addActionListener(new Handler());\n\n add(bouton);\n add(label);\n }\n\n public class Handler implements ActionListener{\n @Override\n public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e){\n label.setText(\"Bouton cliqué !\");\n }\n }\n}","highlightLines":"","focusLines":"","addedLines":"","removedLines":""}],"blockType":"contentCode","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"4451ea29cf0af9549c00d12d","content":{"root":{"type":"root","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Ici, on va alors créer une classe interne qui va gérer l'action. Cela est très pratique lorsqu'une même action est partagée entre plusieurs composantes. ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"Réutilisable","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":1,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":".","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":0}],"direction":null}},"contentHtml":"

Ici, on va alors créer une classe interne qui va gérer l'action. Cela est très pratique lorsqu'une même action est partagée entre plusieurs composantes. Réutilisable.

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Lors de la création du bouton, on lui passe directement l'action qu'il fera au clic.

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Dans la méthode qui définit l'action du bouton, on créé une AbstractAction on l'appelle "Clique-moi !" au départ, donc c'est le nom qui sera affiché sur le bouton au lancement de l'application. Et ensuite, on définit la méthode actionPerformed(...) pour le changement de texte dans le label comme pour les exemples précédents.

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Créer une action est très simple : il suffit d'étendre AbstractAction, d'ajouter une icône si souhaité, et d'implémenter la méthode actionPerformed.

C'est la méthode recommandée pour les vraies applications, des classes qui traitent les actions séparés des classes de création, initialisation de l'application.

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MouseListener est une interface du package java.awt.event qui étend EventListener. Elle permet de recevoir les événements souris dits "intéressants" : pression, relâchement, clic, entrée et sortie sur un composant. Pour suivre les déplacements et les glissés de la souris, il faut utiliser MouseMotionListener, qui est distinct.

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La classe souhaitant traiter ces événements implémente cette interface en définissant toutes ses méthodes, ou étend la classe abstraite MouseAdapter en ne surchargeant que les méthodes utiles. L'objet listener est ensuite enregistré via addMouseListener() sur le composant cible.

Un événement souris est généré quand le bouton est pressé, relâché ou cliqué (pressé puis relâché), et également quand le curseur entre ou quitte la zone d'un composant. Lorsqu'un événement survient, la méthode correspondante du listener est invoquée et un MouseEvent lui est passé en paramètre.

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mouseClicked n'est déclenché que si la souris n'a pas bougé entre le press et le release. Si l'utilisateur bouge légèrement la souris, seuls mousePressed et mouseReleased se déclenchent. Pour une réactivité maximale, on préfère souvent utiliser mousePressed.

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On obtient alors le résultat suivant avant/après le clic central de la souris.

À droite, on remarque bien qu'après le clic dans la zone centrale le fond de la zone au centre devient noir.

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Une seconde méthode vise à traiter l'action dans une autre classe cela permet en fait de mieux structurer le code, et de pouvoir réutiliser l'action sur d'autres JPanel. Et, en modifiant légèrement notre classe CenterMouseListener on peut aussi réutiliser cette classe sur d'autres panneau pour au clic changer la couleur de leur fond en une autre passée en paramètres.

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En utilisant la classe CenterMouseListener, faites en sorte qu'au clic sur une zone définie, le fond change de couleur. Par exemple on peut avoir :

Zone centrale = noirZone nord = bleuZone sud = vertZone est = orangeZone ouest = violet

Pour changer la couleur on utiliser setBackground(Color col) sur le composant souhaité. Et pour la couleur noire : Color.BLACK.

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L'utilisation de MouseAdapter permet de ne réécrire seulement les méthode que l'on souhaite utiliser de MouseListener, méthode plus pro et qui permet une meilleure lisibilité du code.

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MouseMotionListener est l'interface pour recevoir les événements de mouvement de la souris sur un composant. Pour les clics et autres événements souris, on utilise MouseListener détaillée juste au dessus. La classe intéressée par ces événements implémente cette interface (et toutes ses méthodes), ou étend la classe abstraite MouseMotionAdapter en ne surchargeant que les méthodes d'intérêt. L'objet listener est ensuite enregistré via addMouseMotionListener() sur le composant cible.

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Un événement de mouvement de souris est généré quand la souris est bougée ou glissée, et beaucoup de tels événements seront générés. La logique placée dans ces méthodes doit donc être légère pour éviter de bloquer l'EDT (Event Dispatch Thread).

EDT = Pile d'appels.

Dans l'exemple ci dessus deux cas de figure :

Si l'utilisateur bouge la souris sans clic : on affiche "Mouvement (..., ...)"Si l'utilisateur bouge la souris avec clic : on affiche "Glissé (..., ...)"

","blockName":"","blockType":"contentRichText","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"85a70d9a78273437507b56ac","eyebrow":"","text":"Combiner MouseListener et MouseMotionListener","level":"h3","blockName":"","blockType":"contentHeading","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"90732fdecac48c04b27b1c69","content":{"root":{"type":"root","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Si une application nécessite de détecter à la fois les événements souris et les événements de mouvement, on peut utiliser ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"MouseInputAdapter","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":16,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":", qui implémente à la fois ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"MouseListener","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":16,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":" et ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"MouseMotionListener","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":16,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":". L'objet est alors enregistré simultanément comme listener des deux types.","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":0},{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Cet exemple simule une ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"sélection rectangulaire","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":1,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":", comme quand on sélectionne des fichiers sur le bureau en glissant la souris. L'utilisateur clique, maintient le bouton enfoncé, glisse, puis relâche ce qui dessine un rectangle imaginaire entre le point de départ et le point d'arrivée.","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":0},{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Pour cela, on a besoin de deux familles d'événements :","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":0},{"tag":"ul","type":"list","start":1,"format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"type":"listitem","value":1,"format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"savoir ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"quand l'utilisateur clique et relâche","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":1,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":" : ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"MouseListener","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":16,"version":1}],"direction":null},{"type":"listitem","value":2,"format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"savoir ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"où la souris passe pendant le glissé","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":1,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":" : ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"MouseMotionListener","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":16,"version":1}],"direction":null}],"listType":"bullet","direction":null},{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Plutôt que de créer deux objets séparés, ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"MouseInputAdapter","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":16,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":" permet de tout regrouper en ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"un seul objet pour ces traitements","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":1,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":".","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":0},{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Pourquoi utiliser ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":8,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"MouseInputAdapter","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":24,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":" ?","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":8,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":8},{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"On aurait pu écrire ceci :","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":0}],"direction":null}},"contentHtml":"$63","blockName":"","blockType":"contentRichText","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"c5fefb8c0c7c1fccab050ad4","maxLines":null,"showLineNumbers":false,"wordWrap":false,"terminal":"","terminalLanguage":"bash","blockName":"","files":[{"id":"6c6d1be46e06d4a025f036b6","language":"java","filename":"snippet.java","code":"panel.addMouseListener(new MouseAdapter() {\n @Override public void mousePressed(MouseEvent e) { ... }\n @Override public void mouseReleased(MouseEvent e) { ... }\n});\n\npanel.addMouseMotionListener(new MouseMotionAdapter() {\n @Override public void mouseDragged(MouseEvent e) { ... }\n});","highlightLines":"","focusLines":"","addedLines":"","removedLines":""}],"blockType":"contentCode","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"8992fde6c439ec6425f9dd0b","content":{"root":{"type":"root","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"Le problème : ce sont ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"deux objets distincts","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":1,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":" qui ne partagent pas de données. La variable origine ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"(le point de départ du clic)","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":2,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":" serait dans le premier objet, inaccessible depuis le second. Il faudrait la rendre externe, ce qui complique encore le code, inutilement...","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":0},{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"MouseInputAdapter","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":16,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":" résout ça en étant les deux à la fois. Un seul objet, une seule variable origine partagée naturellement entre toutes les méthodes.","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":16}],"direction":null}},"contentHtml":"

Le problème : ce sont deux objets distincts qui ne partagent pas de données. La variable origine (le point de départ du clic) serait dans le premier objet, inaccessible depuis le second. Il faudrait la rendre externe, ce qui complique encore le code, inutilement...

MouseInputAdapter résout ça en étant les deux à la fois. Un seul objet, une seule variable origine partagée naturellement entre toutes les méthodes.

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C'est le point de départ du glissé. Elle est déclarée comme champ de la classe anonyme, ce qui la rend accessible depuis toutes les méthodes de l'objet. Au départ elle vaut null, ce qui signifie "aucun glissé en cours".

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Dès que l'utilisateur enfonce le bouton, on mémorise la position courante du curseur avec e.getPoint(), qui retourne un objet Point contenant les coordonnées x et y relatives au composant. Cette position devient l'angle de départ du rectangle.

Ensuite, pour le glissé on utilise mouseDragged.

construction du rectangle en temps réel: C'est ici que la géométrie entre en jeu. Pendant tout le glissé, cette méthode est appelée en continu avec la position courante du curseur.

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panel.addMouseListener(adapter);panel.addMouseMotionListener(adapter);

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@Override confirme qu'on surcharge la méthode de JComponent. Elle reçoit un objet Graphics g : c'est le pinceau que Swing nous fournit pour dessiner sur la surface du composant.

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C'est la première chose à faire, toujours. On appelle la version parente de la méthode, qui s'occupe de :

effacer proprement la surface (repeindre le fond avec la couleur de fond définie par setBackground)gérer les mécanismes internes de Swing (opacité, bordures, etc.)

Sans cette ligne, les dessins précédents resteraient visibles et s'accumuleraient à chaque repaint(). On aurait un effet de "fantôme".

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On vérifie que le listener existe et qu'un rectangle a bien été calculé. Si ce n'est pas le cas, on sort immédiatement, il n'y a rien à dessiner. C'est important car paintComponent est appelée dès le premier affichage, avant même que l'utilisateur ait bougé la souris.

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Graphics est l'ancien pinceau de Java AWT basique. Graphics2D est sa version moderne et étendue, qui offre bien plus de contrôle : épaisseur de trait, transparence, transformations géométriques, etc.

Swing nous passe toujours un objet Graphics2D déguisé en Graphics, donc ce cast est toujours sûr.

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Sans antialiasing, les bords des formes dessinées sont crénelés (effet "escalier" pixel par pixel). Avec antialiasing activé, Swing lisse les bords en jouant sur la transparence des pixels de bordure. Le résultat est visuellement plus propre, surtout pour les diagonales et les courbes.

setRenderingHint est une façon de donner des instructions de rendu au moteur graphique. Il en existe d'autres pour la qualité du texte, l'interpolation des images, etc.

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setColor définit la couleur courante du pinceau. Ici on utilise le constructeur Color(r, g, b, alpha) où le 4ème paramètre est l'alpha (transparence) :0 = totalement transparent,255 = totalement opaque. Avec 60, la couleur est très légère on voit le fond à travers.fill(selection) remplit l'intérieur du Rectangle selection avec cette couleur. fill accepte n'importe quelle Shape Java un Rectangle en est une.

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On change la couleur pour un bleu plus soutenu et opaque ( d'alpha par défaut).

setStroke définit le style du trait: épaisseur, pointillés, arrondi des extrémités.BasicStroke(1.5f) donne un trait de 1.5 pixel d'épaisseur.draw(selection) dessine uniquement le contour du rectangle, sans remplissage

contrairement à fill qui remplissait l'intérieur. L'ordre est important : on remplit d'abord, puis on dessine le contour par-dessus pour qu'il soit bien visible.

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KeyListener est une interface du package java.awt.event qui permet de réagir aux événements clavier sur un composant. Elle fonctionne sur le même principe que MouseListener :

on l'enregistre sur un composant via addKeyListener(),et ses méthodes sont appelées automatiquement par Swing quand l'utilisateur appuie sur une touche.

Il y a cependant une condition fondamentale : le composant doit avoir le focus. Un composant sans focus ne reçoit aucun événement clavier. C'est pourquoi on appelle souvent setFocusable(true) et requestFocusInWindow() sur les composants personnalisés comme un JPanel.

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On obtient la fenêtre suivante et on peut faire déplacer le carré à l'aide des touches dirrectrices.

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Dans l'exemple suivant, on utilise un JSlider, et lorsque l'on bouge le curseur, le label qui contient la valeur change de valeur aussi.

Cette fois nous allons structurer le code d'une manière plus différente :

App.java : Point d'entrée du programme avec main()MyFrame.java : construit l'UI et branche le listenerMyChangeListener.java : écoute le JSlider et délègue à ActionAction.java : contient la logique métier (stocker et formater la valeur)

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On obtient alors un JSlider et le label, si on déplace le curseur la valeur dans le label change, ceci est géré par la classe Action.java.

Initialisé à car dans main on fait lors de la création action.setValeur(50).

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Un ChangeListener sur un JSpinner qui change la taille d'un texte.

","blockName":"","blockType":"contentRichText","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"cf75c9c0f7a8c76abff8c834","maxLines":null,"showLineNumbers":false,"wordWrap":false,"terminal":"","terminalLanguage":"bash","blockName":"","files":[{"id":"adf385370accf2327f8397ba","language":"java","filename":"App.java","code":"import javax.swing.*;\n\npublic class App {\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n SwingUtilities.invokeLater(() -> {\n Action action = new Action(15);\n new MyFrame(action);\n });\n }\n}","highlightLines":"","focusLines":"","addedLines":"","removedLines":""},{"id":"45a5570a8cf27dafb3bfaeb7","language":"java","filename":"MyFrame.java","code":"$71","highlightLines":"","focusLines":"","addedLines":"","removedLines":""},{"id":"ee42222303e64483fed12b42","language":"java","filename":"MyChangeListener.java","code":"import javax.swing.*;\nimport javax.swing.event.*;\nimport java.awt.*;\n\npublic class MyChangeListener implements ChangeListener {\n\n private Action action;\n private JLabel label;\n\n public MyChangeListener(Action action, JLabel label) {\n this.action = action;\n this.label = label;\n }\n\n @Override\n public void stateChanged(ChangeEvent e) {\n JSpinner source = (JSpinner) e.getSource();\n int nouvelleTaille = (int) source.getValue();\n action.setTaille(nouvelleTaille);\n label.setFont(new Font(\"Arial\", Font.BOLD, action.getTaille()));\n label.setText(action.getDescription());\n }\n}","highlightLines":"","focusLines":"","addedLines":"","removedLines":""},{"id":"5277d3f9b1bf739ccc213fc0","language":"java","filename":"Action.java","code":"public class Action {\n private int taille;\n\n public Action(int tailleInitiale) {\n this.taille = tailleInitiale;\n }\n\n public void setTaille(int taille) {\n this.taille = taille;\n }\n\n public int getTaille() {\n return taille;\n }\n\n public String getDescription() {\n return \"Taille de la police : \" + taille + \"pt\";\n }\n}","highlightLines":"","focusLines":"","addedLines":"","removedLines":""}],"blockType":"contentCode","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"26072c8a9a9ccc95063fdc47","content":{"root":{"type":"root","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"On obtient un ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"JSpinner","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":16,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":" permettant d'augmenter/réduire un entier ou de saisir une taille. En changeant la valeur de ce dernier, la taille du texte du label en dessous la valeur change.","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":0}],"direction":null}},"contentHtml":"

On obtient un JSpinner permettant d'augmenter/réduire un entier ou de saisir une taille. En changeant la valeur de ce dernier, la taille du texte du label en dessous la valeur change.

ListSelectionListener est une interface de javax.swing.event qui permet d'écouter les changements de sélection dans un composant de liste. Elle est principalement utilisée avec JList et JTable.

Quand l'utilisateur clique sur un élément, change de sélection ou sélectionne plusieurs éléments, l'événement valueChanged est déclenché.

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On considère une simple JList avec des fruits et, on affiche la sélection de l'utilisateur en dessous lorsqu'elle change.

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On obtient alors :

On a simplement besoin de changer la définition de la méthode valueChanged dans MyListSelectionListener.java avec le code suivant :

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Pensez à changer le mode de sélection de la JList dans MyFrame. En utilisant l'instruction list.setSelectionMode(ListSelectionModel.MULTIPLE_INTERVAL_SELECTION);.

On obtient alors :

On affiche alors bien tous les éléments sélectionnés.

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DocumentListener est une interface de javax.swing.event qui écoute les modifications du contenu textuel d'un composant comme JTextField, JTextArea ou JEditorPane.

Contrairement à ActionListener (qui se déclenche à l'appui sur Entrée), DocumentListener réagit en temps réel, à chaque frappe clavier, suppression ou remplacement de texte.

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En pratique sur JTextField et JTextArea, seules insertUpdate et removeUpdate se déclenchent. changedUpdate est réservé aux composants avec formatage riche (comme JEditorPane).

On ne passe pas directement le JTextField à l'événement. Il faut soit :

passer le JTextField au constructeur du listener.lire depuis le Document

","blockName":"","blockType":"contentRichText","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"0e18f439731c377ce8629596","maxLines":null,"showLineNumbers":false,"wordWrap":false,"terminal":"","terminalLanguage":"bash","blockName":"","files":[{"id":"b788106cb71e6ce745638c0d","language":"java","filename":"snippet.java","code":"//Première option \nString texte = textField.getText();\n\n// Seconde option\nDocument doc = e.getDocument();\nString texte = doc.getText(0, doc.getLength());","highlightLines":"","focusLines":"","addedLines":"","removedLines":""}],"blockType":"contentCode","presentation":{"largeur":"normale","alignement":"gauche","margeHaut":"defaut","margeBas":"defaut","theme":"auto","animation":"aucune"}},{"id":"562a75c05c311042c9be4b1b","title":"","body":{"root":{"type":"root","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"type":"paragraph","format":"","indent":0,"version":1,"children":[{"mode":"normal","text":"doc.getText()","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":16,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":" lève une ","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":"BadLocationException","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":16,"version":1},{"mode":"normal","text":" à gérer.","type":"text","style":"","detail":0,"format":0,"version":1}],"direction":null,"textStyle":"","textFormat":16}],"direction":null}},"bodyHtml":"

doc.getText() lève une BadLocationException à gérer.

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Dans l'exemple suivant, on compte simplement le nombre de caractères dans un JTextField.

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WindowListener est une interface de java.awt.event qui écoute les événements liés à la fenêtre : ouverture, fermeture, minimisation, maximisation, focus, etc.

Il est utile pour intercepter la fermeture d'une fenêtre, sauvegarder des données, afficher une confirmation, ou libérer des ressources avant de quitter.

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Si vous n'avez besoin que d'une ou deux méthodes, utilisez WindowAdapter pour éviter d'implémenter toutes les méthodes vides.

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Pour intercepter la fermeture avec windowClosing, il faut impérativement mettre DO_NOTHING_ON_CLOSE, sinon la fenêtre se ferme avant votre code.

Dans l'exemple suivant, on demande simplement à l'utilisateur si il est certain de vouloir fermer l'application.

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On obtient en cochant la simulation de données non sauvegardées :

FocusListener est une interface de java.awt.event qui écoute les changements de focus sur un composant : quand il devient actif (l'utilisateur clique dessus ou navigue avec Tab) ou quand il perd le focus (l'utilisateur passe à un autre composant).

Il est utile pour afficher des placeholders, valider un champ à la sortie, changer l'apparence d'un composant actif, ou afficher des messages d'aide contextuels.

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Comme pour WindowListener, il existe FocusAdapter si vous ne voulez implémenter qu'une seule méthode.

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Contrairement à ActionListener qui détecte simplement un clic, ItemListener indique précisément si l'élément a été sélectionné ou désélectionné.

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